Generational Accounting Theory and Application System

Question: Examine about the Generational Accounting for Theory and Application System. Answer: Presentation The momentum research expresses the basic examination of the theme named as Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research and is composed by the creator Paul V Dunmore. The examination explored with respect to the hopeful methodology about bookkeeping research, particularly the article rundown, hypothetical structure, research inquiries of the paper. It will likewise express the commitments and the centrality of the exploration and the conclusions identified with the ebb and flow research paper. The ebb and flow research broke down the epistemology and metaphysics of the exploration activities and broadly clarified the idea of hopeful bookkeeping that are expected to set up different supports identified with the human conduct as to the bookkeeping viewpoint (Miller and Power 2013). It is discovered that the testing of measurable theory is more fragile when contrasted with the creation rules. Be that as it may, the essential issues includes the arrangement of different hypothetical m odel that are required to be examined, regarding the different numerical figures as same way, depending on the legitimacy of speculation examination superfluously to guarantee the recognized reconnaissance and the hypotheses just as the rule to explore different subjective information as opposed to showing them (Ghanbari et al., 2016). The current examination did a deliberate examination with respect to the epistemology and metaphysics of the positive exploration about bookkeeping. It thought about the motivation behind why the training for bookkeeping research are not done proficiently and what are the issue it confronting with respect to following the examination (Rogers and Van Buskirk 2013). Anyway the assessment of the investigation focussed on the hopeful technique that are meant to execute different legitimization in regards to the conduct of human related with the bookkeeping approach. Aside from this, the examination likewise records down different purposes for the particular conduct of individual in setting of different business associations where the conventional cooperations between the workers are subbed by casual methodology of getting extensive information required for dynamic part of the business. In addition, this examination attempted different logical methodologies with sane examination to build up the speculation of the exploration. Besides, the article gave basic investigation of different activities that has epistemological just as ontological speculation and wellspring out the hole identified with the idealistic examination of bookkeeping. These are bound to make commitment from supporting to the attempted ventures. The investigation additionally clarified the event of positive examination (Needles, Powers and Crosson 2013). The subjective attribute of the investigation uncovers the reasons for building up the comprehension for the specific experience before going for the subjective exploration. The cost of the exploration explained the applicable ideas of the logical Epistemology and cosmology and gives the improvement of theory clarifications and testing in the manner the huge hypotheses are readied. Different other aim and reasons for the investigation are to esteem the speculations and discover the quality and shortcomings related with the hypotheses. The procedure of the examination additionally clarifies the prerequisite of a positive and compelling exploration process that are comprehensive of the precise model of investigative evaluation, vulnerable models that are emphatically confirmed and pointed principally on the estimation of the examination information and give less significance to replication and testing approach (Biondi and Zambon 2013). Progressively point by point approach of examination for getting the results from the exploration study recommends that extensions are consistently there for improving the arrangements to break down the hypothetical models properly. Also, the ideas are required to be initiated through scanning the elective methodologies for different models. In the wake of finding the reasonable other option, the option will be actualized being investigated premise and will be set-up as the standard for all the further examinations as opposed to looking for additional options for the estimation of the models. Aside from this, the examination proposes that the center must be moved from testing strategies to projection of the limitation of the exploration. It will aid the examination of different certainty spans that will be contrasted and the limitations and express the projection of different hypothetical models with respect to different boundaries of estimations. Further, the reports identified with the examination paper must be archived for additional estimations of different significant ideas that will aid specific theorys testing techniques. In addition, there is prerequisite of all the complete procedures that will verify the ends out of the theory testing (Freeman et al. 2014). Evaluation just as the perception of the examination information helps with reaching the inference in regards to the outcome, which in future will give different exhorts about how the exploration is to be completed. Further, the examination uncovers that why there is a fluctuation in the exploration pattern. The examination further propose that dependent on the exploration results uncommon models that will be increasingly informative will be actualized to get the unmistakable thought. Notwithstanding, these might be defenseless now and again yet must be completed on a genuine note to encounter the reasonable examination. In any case, the outcome shows discouraging result that there is less headway in the field of positive exploration and the explanation for this is the greater part of the specialist utilize the impromptu methodology while completing the examination and it prompts likelihood of associations among at least two factors. It is additionally noticed that the set-up models are not utilized only or there are escape clauses in the set-up models itself. Questions identified with the examination The inquiries of the exploration study are meant to: Assess the manner by which the different parts of epistemology just as metaphysics can affect the specific examination systems Urgently assess the breaking point to which the real positive exploration program identified with bookkeeping can help in accomplishing the different logical purposes Explore the manner by which the ordinary science can be discharged for positive bookkeeping on the technique of accomplishing the projections. Fundamentally investigate whether the strategies of positive exploration can be acknowledged for more extensive idea as opposed to considering for the positive bookkeeping speculations. Consequently, the inquiries for the examination are surrounded as follows: How the different parts of epistemology and philosophy can leave their effect on the specific examination process? How the positive examination strategies for bookkeeping can aid achievement of different logical expectations? How the testing approach, theory approach and perception approach that is proposed by Kuhn can help in advancement of bookkeeping process especially the positive bookkeeping process? How do the shortcomings of the exploration are estimated and in what way they are limited? Hypothetical system The system of the investigation clarifies the hypotheses of the examination explicitly the speculations identified with the positive bookkeeping. Thus, the investigation clarified the structure and the system of the examination that can aid the whole procedure of the exploration and can bolster the hypothetical ideas of the exploration procedure. The hypothetical methodology of the examination strategies clarifies the start of issue and the measures that can be taken to limit the effect of the issues. Aside from this, the structure of the hypothetical procedure likewise focuses on the clarifications in regards to the logical epistemology with the philosophy targets that are required for the positive bookkeeping approach (Bryer 2014). Significantly, the bookkeeping idea manages wide way of thinking of increases, deals income, costs, profit, deterioration, misfortunes acquired and different components associated with the examination methods. In any case, when the bookkeeping hypothesis is seen as to the hypothetical methodologies that there are different fundamental recommendations as to the foundation of reality that can be related with the sensible hypothesis of theory as clarified may build up different parts of examination process. Be that as it may, wide difference found on the particular presumption of philosophy can be considered as inadequate if the results alongside the bookkeeping jobs as to the general public and business concerns are accounted in detail. It very well may be additionally clarified as the positive epistemology with the cosmology that may not be exact yet not silly or contradictory. Hugeness and impediments of the examination The current examination helps in increasing profound information about the hypothesis of positive bookkeeping as to the wide part of exploration work that are focused to expand the particular proper relations of bookkeeping set-up with the human lead. Then again, the investigation has made wide examination in regards to the scholarly activities in relationship with logical exploration that can be utilized to make out the circumstances and logical results relationship among the different examination strategies. Additionally, the examination further helps with getting the reasonable thought regarding explicit logical exploration strategy that are utilized in different divisions of financial matters, sociology and numerous different areas like bookkeeping that can be set apart as positive exploration (Bublitz, Philipich and Blatz 2015). Besides, the examination clarifies through utilization of different models that the positive eresearch strategies is more extensive when contrasted with the positive bookkeeping hypothesis. It additionally helps in picking up information on different hypotheses just as ideas and the manner by which the ordinary study of Kuhn can be viewed as suitable for the examination of positive bookkeeping hypothesis. Nonetheless, the significant result incorporates the outcomes that are st

Studying the role of leadership management

Examining the job of authority the board As per Bennis and Nanus (1985, p. 20), authority is alluded as the most considered and least comprehended subject of any in the sociologies. There are in excess of 100 meanings of administration having been distinguished in writing (Rost, 1991), and Stogdill (1974) even proposes that the meanings of authority are the same number of as individuals who have ever attempted to characterize it. Nonetheless, there is neither any collectively acknowledged meaning of initiative, nor any accord on the most ideal approach to prepare pioneers (Bolden, 2004). Gallie (1955, refered to in Grint, 2004, p. 1) characterizes administration as, Leadership has all the earmarks of being, similar to control, a basically challenged idea', while Bennis and Nanus (1985, p. 20) depicts initiative as the loathsome snowman, whose impressions are all over however who is no place to be seen. To sum up, the importance of initiative is mind boggling and incorporates numerous measurements and it tends to numerous ot her key business/corporate, authoritative, socio-social and individual procedures. In present day days, it is for the most part advanced among observers that magnetism, motivation, trust and accord have been progressively connected with administration, however the creator will in general prompt they are vital conditions for fruitful initiative much of the time, and there are conditions, where different determinants are required. Different Schools of Thoughts about Modern-day Leadership In 21st century the ideas of administration and its definition are getting increasingly expanded by different schools of musings. Dwindles (1993, p.19), clarifies the current authority as, Crucial to the transformation now under way so urgent that we accept the words overseeing and the board ought to be disposed of. Drucker (1992, p.119), having a comparable point as Peters, recognizes cutting edge authority as, Mundane, unromantic and exhausting. Its substance is execution, however Bolden (2004) isn't in the kindness of separating the subtleties of the authority from the administration. Likewise, as noted in the Jack Welchs model, General Electric Company advances numerous folds in barely any years and the premise of this achievement is a real to life, clear and set rule for a direct and productive association (Slater, 2003). To wrap things up, Peter Scholtes (1998) administration focuses on frameworks thinking, and his feelings incorporate driving by destinations, merit pay, execut ion evaluations, inspiration, and so forth. As per Collinson (2005), followership is the quintessence of administration, which implies that advanced authority styles ought to be as indicated by the character and attributes of the adherents. The creator comprehends from these various perspectives that in the 21st century authority styles, there is nobody repetitive driving style in the associations. Moxy in Modern-day Leadership Moxy is a bit of leeway that advances cutting edge authority exhibitions, yet it isn't fundamental (Carpenter, 2002). Max Weber (1947) right off the bat characterizes that allure contrasting pioneers from conventional individuals alludes to uncommon skilled attractive appeal and bid; it enables pioneers to do unprecedented things, and specifically it gives the pioneer remarkable forces of impact to supporters. Researchers further propose that alluring pioneers frequently fill in as a solid good example for values that they want others to embrace, show capability in each part of authority so others trust their choices, articulate clear objectives and solid qualities, convey exclusive requirements for adherents and show trust in their capacities to meet those desires (Conger, 1989; House, 1977; Shamir et al., 1993). Magnetic pioneers are having profound effect on adherents worth, demeanor and conduct, and it is recommended appeal is a significant initiative quality that propels support ers (Ilies et al., 2006). Pioneers with magnetic characters can complete things through drawing in the subordinates to accomplish the authoritative objectives all the more adequately, as individuals feel urged to be progressively given to their work, because of their profound respect and regard to their pioneers (Mortensen, 2008). Bill Clinton and Steve Jobs are both normal appealling pioneers. With overpowering individual appeal and vision, they effectively make their period. In any case, Ciulla (2004) recommends that premise of the administration is morals like earned trust not the appeal. Tyler (2008) additionally educates individuals are lead in light of the fact that with respect to their trust to the pioneers, not moxy. Besides, it is commonly concurred that authority is capacity and an ability which could be learnt after some time and with the experience and development (Mumford et al., 2000); pioneers are made not conceived, and magnetism could be created (Adair, 2005). Howe ver, Howell and Shamir (2005) likewise make sense of that qualities of supporters at times decide the effectiveness of alluring initiative. There is no precluding from claiming the significance of magnetism for the pioneers in the present-day administration styles. Magnetism is the capacity to extend the vision and contemplations with respect to what the future possibilities will hold upon others to bring a positive change or change. In the light of this conversation, creator comprehends that appeal is progressively connected with advanced authority, and with the worry of different elements like the component of trust and devotee, administration in the cutting edge associations turns out to be increasingly compelling. The Inspirational Approach in Modern-day Leadership Motivational pioneers could emphatically inspire and impact individuals to get the best out of themselves, and in like manner seek after a far superior presentation of the association (Wilson, 2010). Wilson and Rice (2004) additionally express that helpful pioneers can empower, develop, and develop certainty of devotees, through which present day associations could profit better, in any event, confronting misfortune. Robbins et al. (2010) recommend that appealling authority is the most widely recognized style of rousing way to deal with administration. The most striking component of the charming authority is the capacity to move shocking execution from the adherents and the group. It is additionally uncovered that motivation is a strategy to impact others and is related with the examination directed by Yukl and Falbe (1990). The idea is that the pioneer makes a solicitation or suggestion that stirs energy by speaking to people groups esteems, goals and yearnings or by expanding their certainty that they can do it. Be that as it may, pioneers are beginning to rouse and propel devotees to perform, when trust is developed (Zeffane, 2010). Researchers asserts that there are fa ctors animating motivation, similar to a dream, which mentions to devotees what they are relied upon to accomplish and which they could generally hang on (Scott, 2010). Different variables incorporate contribution of everybody (Bilchik, 2001; Wilson, 2010), and the fortitude to concede individual shortcoming (Goffee and Jones, 2000, etc. Yukl and Falbe (1990) additionally infer that pioneers are well on the way to utilize moving intrigue and weight when attempting to impact subordinates, instead of their chief, or associates. To put it plainly, individuals are motivated to eagerly proceed as well as possible, and at last prevail with regards to accomplishing better hierarchical execution. Accord and Modern-day Leadership With increasingly more accentuation on majority rules system, current administration is as a rule progressively connected with the accord component in the dynamic in the business associations. Early analyses and research of Lewin et al. (1939) shows that individuals are performing better, in the event that they have been associated with the dynamic procedure. They additionally recommend initiative style to a huge degree decide the presentation of the gathering and they have classified administration into three styles: tyrant, law based and free enterprise authority, among which vote based authority is for the most part viewed as the more compelling style. Accord assumes a significant job in majority rule initiative, as individuals are urged to take part in the dynamic procedure and associated with an official choice and the understanding (Knight et al., 1999). Henceforth, with the help to the choice, individuals are better roused and prone to perform better that they have been relied upon to (Brilhart and Galanes, 1989). Also, accord in authority invigorates group cohesiveness, with which individuals coordinate more with one another (Sanders and Schyns, 2006). It is additionally expressed successful vital pioneers comprehend the need to include colleagues in accord dynamic (Brilhart and Galanes, 1989). In addition, Felfe and Heinitz (2010) reason that accord not just to a great extent predicts individuals responsibilities and their fulfillment, yet additionally upgrade hierarchical execution and administration. However, Frisch (2008) contends a group cannot settle on powerful choices if its individuals dont trust each other or on the off chance that they neglect to hear one out another. In this way, before receiving accord dynamic procedure, it is significant that trust has been developed among individuals. It ought not be ignored the dynamic capacity of individuals in accord process, just as the way that there are times tyrant pioneers work all the more adequa tely, particularly confronting dangers and openings, as in any event tyrant administration is far less tedious (Lewin et al., 1939), and not every person can tell and take advantage of lucky breaks. Steve Jobs somewhat is a dictator chief, as regardless of what other state and do, he demands that Apple ought to do its product and equipment without anyone else even in such an open world day, as they probably am aware themselves best. Apparently Steve Jobs and his way is the way to the accomplishment of Apple. It would in any case show up accord in current authority assists with supporting choices, and to succeed a key chief needs to construct the agreement. Trust Element in Modern-day Leadership As recently examined, trust is appeared as the premise of regardless of magnetic, agreement or persuasive pioneer

Interview Schedule Definition, Types, Templates and Tips

Interview Schedule Definition, Types, Templates and Tips Turn the television on, and you are very likely to find a celebrity or some other famous personality conversing with a TV news anchor or program show host. Open the newspaper and there’s a chance that you’ll read about the thoughts of a prominent politician about certain issues, written down by a journalist.As you walk to your office and pass by the Human Resource department, you see a queue of well-dressed young men and women waiting for their turn to go into the room and talk with the HR manager, who is currently trying to fill a vacant position.These scenarios all involve conversations and exchanges of ideas, accomplished in the form of an interview. © Shutterstock.com | Rawpixel.comIn this article, we explore 1) what an interview is, 2) the pros and cons of having an interview schedule, 3) the different types of interview schedules, 4) interview schedule templates, and 5) tips and tricks.INTERVIEW: AN OVERVIEWQuite possibly, the simplest definition of an “interview” is a “conversation where questions are asked and the corresponding answers are given. The setting and execution of the interview range from casual to semi-formal to formal, and it involves two parties: the interviewer and interviewee. The interviewer’s objective is to collect data and information by asking questions, and probing the answers that are given by the interviewee. It may even be described as the “interviewer’s script”.An interview may be conducted one-on-one, with one interviewer and one interviewee, or in groups. For example, one interviewer may discuss with multiple interviewees, or more than one interviewers may converse with a single int erviewee. Alternatively, it could be a group arrangement, with a panel of interviewers facing a panel of interviewees.When are interviews conducted? Generally, interviews are used for the following:Hiring or Recruitment. A job interview involves a hiring manager or recruiter talking to or discussing with an applicant or candidate in order to assess the latter’s suitability and fit for an open position.Research. One way to gather data for research (e.g. marketing, economic, and scientific research) is through what is known as “research interview”, where respondents are sought for answers. In scientific research, for example, questions are formulated for the purpose of testing a hypothesis or assumption.Information dissemination. News is the prime example, where a person is asked questions for television, radio, newspaper, or similar media.How can you tell if an interview is going smoothly? Well, common sense would dictate that an interview is going well if there is a continuous exchange of ideas and information, and this can be attributed to several factors.An objective or purpose, revolving around a specific topic or subject. Is it a job interview? Is the interview meant to find out what the interviewee thinks about a certain issue?The ability of the interviewer to ask questions and encourage the interviewee to connect with him and open up to him. This also refers to his ability to probe deeper and do follow ups on the questions to gain more information.The responsiveness of the interviewee, and his ability to express himself fully in his answers. He should be able to quickly grasp the question and understand what is being asked, so he can provide the answer that the interviewer is looking for.The interview setting. This includes the venue or location, the language used, and other external factors that set the overall tone of the interview.If any of the above are absent (or present but lacking in any way), then you can expect the interview to go downhill from the beginning. However, another huge reason why most interviews fail or do not achieve the desired results is lack of preparation, particularly on the part of the interviewer. An indication of preparedness is an “interview schedule”.THE INTERVIEW SCHEDULEAs fun as spontaneous or on-the-spot interviews may seem to be, they will still bomb if no preparation was put into it. Those “ambush” interviews you see on television? They are not completely random or “on-the-spot” as they are presented to be. The questions asked have already been prepared beforehand, and they are often contained in an interview schedule.An interview schedule is basically a list containing a set of structured questions that have been prepared, to serve as a guide for interviewers, researchers and investigators in collecting information or data about a specific topic or issue. The schedule will be used by the interviewer, who will fill in the questions with the answers received during the actual i nterview.Advantages of an Interview ScheduleAn interview schedule facilitates the conduct of an interview. Since the questions have already been prepared beforehand, it is easier to carry out and complete the interview.It increases the likelihood of collecting accurate information or data. The questions, which were already prepared beforehand, are expected to be well-thought out and have focus, so they target the “heart of the matter”, thereby ensuring that the answers obtained are correct or accurate. According to Lindlof Taylor, interview schedules can increase the reliability and credibility of data gathered.It allows interviewers and researchers to get more information, since they can ask follow-up queries or clarifications to the questions they have prepared. Thus, the information gathered is more relevant and useful.The rate and amount of responses are higher. Often, interviews are time-bound. Interviewers are given only a limited amount of time to ask all their questions and get the answers. If he came prepared, then he can utilize that time properly. Otherwise, he will be wasting a lot of time, thinking about what question to ask next. The next thing he knows, time is up, and he barely got anything substantial from the interviewee.It offers flexibility and high customization, and may be used when interviewing different types of people. The interviewer can prepare it with the respondents in mind. For example, an interviewer may have prepared a job interview schedule for the recruitment of a construction worker or laborer. When he is tasked to interview candidates for a senior management position, he may also use the same schedule, but with several adjustments.Disadvantages of an Interview ScheduleIt can be time-consuming. Preparation of the interview schedule can take quite a chunk of the time of an interviewer, especially if it is for an extensive or in-depth interview. Significant amounts of research must be performed in order to be able to craft good questions.There is a high risk that the interview and its results may suffer from the bias of the interviewer, as he is the one that will choose the questions to be asked during the interview.Variability may be high when the interview schedule is used by multiple interviewers. This may result to unreliable information gathered during the interviews.TYPES OF INTERVIEW SCHEDULESThere are two major types of interview schedules or guides that are widely used by interviewers.In-depth interview scheduleThis is used for open-ended interviews, which are aimed at obtaining in-depth information, often on serious topics or sensitive issues. The questions are open-ended, with prompts provided for the interviewer to ask for clarification or further information if necessary.The interviewee is given more room or leeway to talk about all the topics that will crop up during the interview, so he is free to use his own words and let the ideas flow out of him easily. The key characteristics of th is interview schedule are listed below.The schedule contains indications of the interviewee’s awareness of the purpose of the interview and how long it will take.The questions must be crafted to provide answers relevant to the topic or issue. For example, if it is a job interview, the questions should address the matter on whether the applicant being interviewed possesses the qualifications and credentials that make him suitable for the open position. If the interview is for purposes of research or investigation, the questions should answer the main problem or topic of the research or investigation.All questions should be relevant, or have an impact on the purpose or objective of the interview. Remove any irrelevant questions, or those with answers that won’t be of any use to you.It takes the one-step-at-a-time approach, with each question meant to tackle only one issue, instead of addressing several issues all at one. This has a tendency to confuse not only the interviewee, but also the interviewer, and result in the latter losing control of the direction of the interview.Instead of using questions answerable with a Yes or No, the questions are open-ended, which can be used as a starting or reference point for more questions. This way, the interviewer can go deeper in getting information he needs.The questions are neutral, avoiding leading questions that have the potential to dictate the answer to the interviewee.Structured interview scheduleThis type of interview schedule is often compared with the format used in survey forms or questionnaires because of their similarities. The difference lies in the usage; obviously, the interview schedule is used by the interviewer during a face-to-face interaction, while the questionnaire is simply filled out by the respondent.This interview schedule contains the questions that will be asked, and it is also where the interviewer will record the answers to those questions. Essentially, preparing an interview schedule f or a structured interview is the same as preparing a questionnaire. It’s just that the questionnaire will be used solely by the interviewer, and the respondent or interviewee will not get to lay their eyes on the contents.For more flexibility, however, some interviewers combine the features of these two types when they prepare their interview schedule. It would really be up to the interviewer, and what he deems to be most effective in achieving his objectives.INTERVIEW SCHEDULE TEMPLATESThere is no single standard template for an interview schedule. Generally, the format will depend on the type and purpose of the interview being conducted, as well as the target respondents or interviewees. However, the interview schedule must have three major parts:1. OpeningSome researchers call this stage the “warm-up”, where the objective is to create an atmosphere that will accommodate the open and free flow of ideas between the interviewer and interviewee, whether it is one-on-one or in a group.At the start of the interview, the interviewer should welcome the interviewee and make an effort to put him at ease. If the respondent is relaxed, the interview is likely to go smoothly. The interviewer will then proceed to inform the interviewee of the following:Objectives of the interview. The interviewee deserves to know why the interview is taking place, and why he is involved. In case of a job interview, the applicant being interviewed already knows why he is in the same room with the HR personnel, but it should still be spelled out to him.The topics or points that will be discussed in the course of the interview. This is to further make the interviewee comfortable, since you are giving him something like an ‘advanced warning’ on what will be asked later on in the conversation.The estimated length or duration of the interview. The interviewee does not want to be kept guessing throughout the course of the interview when it will end, or if he will have to spend all mor ning talking to the interviewer.The interviewee would like to feel that he will benefit in some way from this interview, so it would definitely help if you give him motivation to answer the questions properly and accurately. If you don’t, he may not be inclined to answer the questions, much less give good answers.This part of the interview schedule may be formatted in such a way that fits the interviewer’s personality, and even that of the interviewee.2. BodyWe come to the “core discussion”. This contains the meat of the interview schedule: the topics and the questions to be asked. Again, the content will depend on the topic and the type of interview. The main thing that you should never overlook is that the questions should fulfill the objective of the interview.Instead of an interview outline, which includes only a list of topics and subtopics, a typical interview schedule also contains major questions, as well as follow-up questions designed to probe or clarify the answer s to the previously asked major questions.When preparing the body of the interview schedule, it is important to leave more than enough space where the interviewer may write down the responses or answers of the interviewee.3. ClosingThe interview is about to be wrapped up. The reason that it is included in the interview schedule is to ensure that the interview will not end abruptly, which may come across as rude to the interviewee.The closing will cover the main points, in summary, that were talked about during the interview, followed by a brief discussion on the next steps that will be taken after the interview.You may check out this template for an example of an interview schedule to be used in talking with a university classmate. This other template of a simple interview guide also provides cues on what the interviewer should say during the interview, aside from the questions that he will ask.In some cases, an interview schedule may be so simple as to contain only the salient poin ts, such as the purpose of the interview, the date, time and location of the conduct of the interview, and the names and contact details of both the interviewer and the interviewee. Take a look at this job interview schedule as an example.Fortunately, there is a wealth of resources of interview schedule templates that you can find online that you can tweak and adapt to your needs.TIPS IN PREPARING AND USING AN INTERVIEW SCHEDULEThe main concern in the preparation of an interview schedule is on the questions. What should be asked, and how should they be asked? But that is not all. Even the order or sequence of asking the questions also matters, which is why it should also be reflected on the interview schedule.Remember the following tips when preparing the guide that you will use for the interview.Do not start the interview with a question probing into any personal information of the interviewee (unless the purpose of the interview is to talk about his personal life). If it’s a job interview, it would be better to get him to talk about his skills, qualifications and work experiences, since that is his comfort zone. If it is a research interview, you can start things off by asking the interviewee about his expertise in the field that you are interviewing him about. Do not ask him personal questions about his family or similar topics.Start with the “lighter” questions, or those that will not immediately put the interviewee or respondent on his guard. The interviewer should be able to answer the question easily, then you can move on gradually to the more sensitive or difficult topics. If you start it with a controversial question, or something that will make the interviewee uncomfortable, that will set a grim tone for the rest of the interview.The general rule is for you to group the questions in a logical manner. You can start with general questions, and work your way toward the specific questions later on. Of course, you may have to be flexible at times, e specially when a general question must be followed by a specific question in order to clarify something.For variety and a more natural flow, if you are using both open-ended and closed questions, it would be a good idea to mix them up, instead of asking all the closed questions first and then the open-ended ones in the latter half of the interview. Another suggestion is to adapt the funnel or inverted funnel sequence. The funnel sequence will have you starting with open-ended questions, and gradually but naturally easing into the close-ended ones. The inverted funnel sequence orders the questions in reverse.Keep the respondents or interviewees in mind when preparing the questions. You should know about their background, at least, so you can prepare questions that will resonate with them. If you are going to interview candidates for a supervisory engineering position, you can frame the questions so that the candidates will be able to prove whether they are qualified for the job or no t. If you are interviewing a person of interest regarding a recent incident, you should at least find out why he is considered to be a “person of interest”, so you can come up with the proper and relevant questions.The wording of the questions must be clear. Avoid using complicated and highly technical terms, unless you are completely sure that the interviewee is familiar with them. Try using simple language and layman’s terms to avoid confusion. Stay away from colloquial terms and jargon, especially when there are better â€" easier to understand â€" alternatives that you can use. Sentence structure is also important. Questions structured into long and run-on sentences may confuse you both, and the interviewee may miss the main point that you are asking about. As earlier mentioned, as much as possible, each question should address a single issue. Avoid placing too many questions in a single sentence, to be read in one breath.Provide adequate space where you can record or write the answers or responses to each question. There is an option to use a recorder during the interview, in case there are some points that you fail to record on the interview schedule. If you are going to use one, you have to inform the interviewee about it at the start of the interview, and get his consent to record the interview.As interviewer, you have to familiarize yourself with the interview schedule. You want the interview to flow naturally, and you definitely don’t want to sound stilted when asking the questions or, worse, as if you rehearsed it. Well, you probably have, but you don’t want to make that apparent to the interviewee. You have to exude confidence; after all, you are the one asking the questions. Once you have prepared the interview schedule, you have to know it inside out.

The Dust Bowl Effect On The Great Depression - 1032 Words

The Dust Bowl’s Effect on the Great Depression The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck, pays homage to the critical impact the Great Depression had on dust bowl farmers. The growing demand for wheat products forced farmers to overgraze their property. This reduced the overall usefulness and biodiversity of the land, and attributed to the desertification of their establishments. With this, the once lush fields turned to dust, which blew away with the commencement of the severe drought in the early 1930s. Steinbeck utilizes the lives of the Joad family to depict how farmers were often forced to flee their homes in search of better jobs during this time period. Because of the stock market’s demise, no one was purchasing their crops. Banks were required to drive farmers out of their homes, as they could not afford to keep supporting them without profit. The agricultural devastation of the Dust Bowl intensified the economical impact of the Great Depression and added to the misery of the migrant workers. The wrath of nature unle ashed itself on the migrant farmers during the 1930s. During this time period, the entirety of the Midwest was plagued with drought. In fact, new scientific studies found that â€Å"the drought of the 1930s was the worst in North America in the last 300 years† (The National Drought Mitigation Center). The Earth’s surface became â€Å"a thin hard crust† (Steinbeck 1). The Great Plains were noted for their fertile soils until this ten year dry spell cursed theShow MoreRelatedThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1190 Words   |  5 Pageswith selling over 428,900 copies. Steinbeck, who lived through both the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, sought to bring attention to how families of Oklahoma outdid these disasters. Steinbeck focuses on families of Oklahoma, including the Joads family, who reside on a farm. The Joad family is tested with hardship when life for them on their farm takes a corrupt turn. Steinbeck symbolizes the Great Depression and Dust Bowl, as the monster, by focusing on bringing attention to how the families inRead MoreDust Bowl of the 1930s911 Words   |  4 PagesThe Dust Bowl of the 1930’s had such an antagonistic effect on the United States economy that was already plummeting. The Dust Bowl affected the U.S economy in just about every way possible ranging from agriculture to finances including government expenses to population changes. This phenomena can be considered as one of the worst natural disasters that has affected the United States. The â€Å"Dust Bowl† was the name given to the Great Plains region that was greatly affected by drought in the 1930’sRead MoreFarming During The Great Depression1210 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 2015 Farming During the Great Depression There were many factors that caused the Great Depression. 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The State s Leader Of Patient Education, Clinical...

Practice Plan #4 Professor: Kristin Hoffer Student: Lizyanette Carbonell Date: 02/06/2016 Vision Statement: Striving to be the state’s leader in patient education, clinical outcomes and technology where future patients’ generations will be prepared for the times ahead. Mission Statement: At Havana Dental, we strive to provide a highly quality and individualized treatment to every patient. Our practice counts with a kind and companionate team that is guided by motivation and vocation. Our practice is growing as well as our patient’s awareness related to oral health. Office Policy Manual Term of Employment: Havana Dental offers equal job opportunities to all qualified individuals without distinction of race, color, ethnicity, sex,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ The employees’ benefits will be granted after a period of 90 days for full time positions at the time of evaluation. †¢ Our practice require that all dental hygienist and certified dental assistants keep an updated licensure. This requirement will be reviewed every two years for dental hygienist and every year for certified dental assistants. All the documentation will be kept on file by the office’s manager. Work Schedule: †¢ Schedules are developed by-weekly and post it at a reachable place. The hours and schedules are subject to change according to our practice necessity. In this case, the employee will be notified. - The office hours are as follows: Monday-Thursday from 8 am to 6:30 pm Friday from 8 am-5 pm †¢ A fifteen minutes morning meeting will be held daily requiring a 100% employees’ assistance. †¢ Lunch time can fluctuate between 12 till 2 pm according to the availability of personnel and will be performed in a consecutive manner. †¢ There is a 5 minutes grace period is giving for tardiness. Three times tardiness will be evaluated by the office manager and a discussion with the employee will be held in order to solve the cause for tardiness. †¢ AT every scheduled shift, the employee is required to clock in and out using an individualized login and a password. Compensation: †¢ Employees will be given an initial performance evaluation after the 90 day period. Consequently, employees will receive a yearly performance evaluation. †¢ Salary and

Impact of Applied Agro-Cooperative Credit and Banking on Farmers and Farming Free Essays

People depend for good introduction in Agro-Farming not only on good seeds, good fertilizers, good irrigation and good Agro-technology; but they need also short-term, medium and long term loans to meet their other demands at farm level in farming. This genuine situational scene has a power to present an impact of applied cooperative credit and banking on farmers in farming from the point of origin of the Indian Cooperative Credit (a facile credit) movement from the period of working of NIDISH in Madras Province in 1882 to 1904 till date. This is a good Genesis of this issue with a scientific periodicity which may be perused in following section. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Applied Agro-Cooperative Credit and Banking on Farmers and Farming or any similar topic only for you Order Now An Iota in the facile cooperative credit scene of madras province Nidish a socio-economic social group were working in very active form like the primary cooperative credit societies at farm level in rural Madras province in 1882-1884. Madras Provinces 1882-1884 :- Fedaric Nicholson’s visit from India to Germany to study the working of The Raiffieson Model Rural Cooperative Credit societies and came back with a finding â€Å"Find Raiffieson† because he found 100% similarities in need of Agro – financing for Rural India, with cultural similarities at great scale in rural India and Rural Germany. In India also there was great exploitation done by private moneylenders by charging 75% rate of interest and in Germany also such high interest was taken by Jews/Nazis from Rural Germany Farmers. The profit motive and usurious practices were similar in India and Germany. In 1882 to 1884 Fedaric Nicholson came back from Germany in Madras Province and recommended to the government to start primary Agro-Cooperative credit and Banking instead of Nidish to protect rural people from great exploitation and usurious practices of private money lender. His report and recommendations were accepted by the Madras provincial government under the control of British government. This was also studied and accepted by the government of Bombay province Maharashtra due to great vitality in his recommendations in public interest. In 1896, the British government appointed Edward committee (sir Edward as chairman) to study the Indian Rural conditions, needs and scope of working of the primary Agricultural Cooperative Credit societies under the control of British government for the people to work with cooperation of the people for the people with democratic management at grass root level. The Edward Committee 1896-1904 surveyed the Indian Rural agro-banking system and passed first cooperative Societies Act 1904 which was accepted and made applicable for greater India (from Kabul to Burma) with democratic centralised cooperative credit banking; viz; from Kabul to Burma, if any primary Agricultural cooperative society was organised, then it was bound to get registration from Delhi only. This was a real scene from 1904-1908. The distance factor was main problem for for mation and registration of Agro-primary Cooperative Credit Societies. In this era cooperative credit was considered as a facile credit and cooperative banking was accepted a means to achieve the desired goal in a desired time. In 1908, Lawd recommended to add cooperative Audit, with cooperative credit and banking by increasing two sections in the cooperative Act of 1904. Thus total sections from 48 to 50 were made in the first cooperative society’s act of 1904 in 1908-1912. This added great strength to Agro-cooperative credit and banking system for Rural India. In 1912, the cooperative society Act was again examined by Sir Malcolm I. C. S and others. They suggested to add three sections more for facilitating cooperative credit, Consumption, and Marketing to the people of Rural India to protect them from exploitation of private traders and took them away from cruel clutches of exploiters by using cooperative organisation of the people for the people. It was accepted by the government in public interest. In 1914-1915, the cooperation was made state sponsored subject to give chance to the state (provincial governments) to frame their own cooperative society Acts on the basis of this model Act of 1904 with due consideration of the interpersonal situations of the concern state in preparation of their own cooperative societies act. It gave good chance to states from Kabul to Burma to register primary Agro-cooperative credit societies for credit and banking activities according to their interpersonal conditions to work and upgrade socio-economic life of rural people by effective working of primary Agro-cooperative credit and banking business. There was a rapid growth of members of primary Agro-cooperative credit and banking business and growth also found in qualities of services from 1912-1915 in cooperative credit movement in India. The first world war of 1915 gave great shock for the growth of Rural Agro-Cooperative banking due to more involvement of rural people in Indian Army. Therefore there was stunted growth of working of Agro-cooperative credit and banking from 1915 to 1925. There was Second World War in 1930-1935. The Burma separated from India in 1920 and Shyam, Rangun and Kabul were also separated in 1937-38 and became independent countries. These newly made countries accepted and used Indian model cooperative society Act of 1912-15 to make their own cooperative acts. In 1939-40 in India, the Vijayraghavacharya committee recommended to start linking of cooperative credit with Agro-production and marketing in Madras provinces in Salem district. It was applied in Salem district only for testing. India became independent country in 1947 from the clutches of britishood separate it. The public finance sub-committee (headed by Dr. D. R. Godgil) in 1946 submitted its report and recommended to allow crop loan systems to Rural people (farmers) to bring new change in farm financing by deciding Maximum Cooperative Credit Limit (M. C. L. ) per farmer, per acre per crop per season to upgrade economic strength of rural borrowers on the one hand by weathering the deep rooted exploitation of private moneylenders which gave a good chance for effective working of rural Agro-cooperative credit and banking on the other. It was again reviewed by Thakurdas Mehta committee in 1948. This committee recommended starting its application from April 1950 in First Five Year Plan. At this time Ready Recknor was not made crop-wise for farmers but Rs. 500 M. C. L. (Maximum Credit Limit) per acre per crop was approved to apply from 1951 to 1954 in the first five year plan for good financing to farmers through primary Agro-Cooperative credit societies. It was brought in real practices. In 1950-54, A. G. Gorwala I. C. S was appointed to do All India Rural Credit Survey to judge the extent of credit distribution by the cooperative credit societies in presence of several moneylenders. He did survey in 75 districts of India, in 400 villages and 127475 farmers families who found 3. 5% farm financing and banking was done since 1904 to 1954 by cooperative credit societies and 96. 5% was done by non-cooperative agencies. The extent of linking of cooperative credit with farm production and cooperative marketing was found 1 % only. There was major failure of cooperative credit and banking role in rural India in socio-economic upgradation process for farming community. The AIRCS committee 1954 gave remark, â€Å"Cooperative have failed but must succeed. † The AIRCS committee recommended starting CCR (controlled credit recovery) scheme under integrated Approach, viz: linking of cooperative credit with farm production and cooperative marketing to upgrade socio-economic life of farmers on the one hand and quality of services of cooperative credit and banking on the other. This recommendation was applied in second five year plan from 1955 to 1960. It was found that linking of cooperative credit and marketing increased from 1% to 11% and extent of cooperative credit distribution was increased from 3. 5% to 30% and maximum credit limit (MCL) increased from Rs. 500 to Rs. 1200 per crop per acre per year. This gradual growth gave great encouragement to cooperative credit and banking system in farm financing at a great length. This had motivated for a reliable and very valid effective approach through cooperative credit and banking for rural reorientation as well as upgradation of socio-economic change of rural people in rural India. This indicated a good desired shifting of cooperative credit business and gave a motivation to cooperative sector to face challenge for a desired change at farm level in the system of farming with Agro-technology. If we examine socio-economic changes from 1950 to 2012 or from first five year plan to 11th five year plan through applied cooperative credit and banking, the desired changes are found based on multiple variables with varieties of risks (challenges for changes). This scene is inviting attention of planners, surveyors, researchers and the governments to identify factors or obstacles affecting in achieving the desired results. Nobody has made any attempt on this issue at a great length till date to identify the factors affecting the quality of socio-economic change operation of cooperative credit and rural banking practices. There is urgent need and demand of the rural people, primary Agro-cooperative credit societies and applied cooperative banking to identify the problem raising factors and discover reliable and valid solutions to achieve the desired goal in the desired time. Therefore, an attempt is needed to make on this issue. The present study aims to work on this issue at a great length. Objectives of the study Broadly speaking, this study has main following objectives:- 1. To identify/ analyse the reliable and valid factors affecting the working of applied cooperative credit and banking at grassroots level and also to identify socio-economic changes at farm level and; 2. To explore practical possible solutions as remedial measures to solve the problems at grass root levels, to do socio-economic upgradation of farmers and their farming with help of modern Agro-technology and rational farm financing. Research Design The present study is going to do Exploratory-cum-Descriptive research work. It is a systematic and purposeful empirical enquiry; it includes surveys and fact-findings enquiries of different kinds. The main characteristics of this method are that the researcher has no control over the variables. It only reports what has happened or what is happening. In which the researcher does not have direct control over independent variables either what has happened or what is happening. But in this solution by the research an attempt has to make to search reliable and valid factors to discover a good solution for solving the problems. Location of the Universe/ Population B. R. College Agra of the Agra University as centre for the study and district Mewat Haryana has been selected by the purposive sampling method as definite universe of the study. Sampling design:- Sample selected by multistage stratified disproportionate random sampling. Total number of farmers members involved in CCR scheme in Agro-cooperative credit and banking are 380. Their size group and covered credit operation is given as under:- Size groupSize group of farmersTotal Farmers membersTotal Land covered by members in acresSample fractionTotal farmers A0-2. acres14028020%700 B2. 5-5. 0 acres12036020%600 C5. 0-7. 5 acres10060020%500 D7. 5-above acres2012020%100 Total members380126020%1900 Data Collection: – Research instruments:- Schedule-cum-questionnaire has been used for data collection. The Complete participant observation method and interview technique has been used for data collection. We have done pretesting at small scale to judge the effectiveness of the research ins truments. It has been found very correct and useful for the work. How to cite Impact of Applied Agro-Cooperative Credit and Banking on Farmers and Farming, Papers

Liquid Phase Chemical Reactors Essay Example

Liquid Phase Chemical Reactors Paper It is also used in the laboratories in obtaining design, interpretation of rate of reaction and numerical treatment of kinetics experimental data for different types of reacting systems. The use of a batch reactor for the most part eliminates the effects due to fluid flow on the resulting reaction rates. Consequently, the data reflect the intrinsic kinetics for the reaction being investigated. The objectives of this experiments To find the reaction rate constant in a batch stirred tank reactor for the specification of ethyl acetate with dilute sodium hydroxide. To determine the effect of temperature on reaction rate constant. To find the values of rate constant and Awareness parameters. Equipment used Arm field batch stirred tank reactor A stop clock A conductivity meter Water bath (tank) with a thermostat Funnel A heat controller Two flasks of one liter each and Stock solutions (0. 1 M sodium hydroxide and 0. MM ethyl acetate). The key results obtained include Table showing rate constant, , , in a batch stirred tank reactor. T( Rate constant/ 25 30 To conclude All the objectives where met as the results below shows and from those results there is a clear indication that conductivity is inversely proportional to he temperature also the reaction rate constant is directly proportional to the temperature . From the experiment it shows that in a batch reactor, since there is no inflow or outflow, the reactants concentration reduces with time. For an overall second order reaction (first order in both components) like the one that was done in the lab, the reaction rate is also dependent on the concentration of the reactants unlike a zero order reaction that is independent of the concentrations of the reactants. Conductivity of a solution decreases with time as the solution loses it ions, it will become less conductive. The things that I learnt doing this experiment are What I have learnt from this experiment was that conductivity is used instead of concentration may be since they both directly proportional to each other and affected with the same parameters. We will write a custom essay sample on Liquid Phase Chemical Reactors specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Liquid Phase Chemical Reactors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Liquid Phase Chemical Reactors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Also I have learnt how the rate Of a reaction could be increased or decreased by factors such as temperature. Introduction A batch reactor is used in chemical processes for small scale operation, for testing new processes that have not been fully developed, for the manufacturer of expensive products and for processes that are difficult to convert to continuous operations. The advantage of batch reactor is high conversion which be obtained by leaving the reactant in the reactor for long periods of time but it also has the disadvantages of high labor costs per batch and the difficulty of large scale production. In a batch reactor, all the reactants are loaded at once, the concentration then varies with time, but at any one time it is uniform throughout. Agitation serves to mix separate feeds initially and to enhance heat transfer. Batch reactors are popular in practice because of their flexibility with respect to reaction time and to the kinds and quantities of reactions that can process. The characteristic of batch reactor such as the total mass of each batch is mixed, each batch is a closed system and the reaction (residence) time for all elements of fluid is the same. A chemical reactor is an equipment unit in a chemical process where chemical reactions take place to generate a desirable product at a specified production rate, using a given chemistry. The reactor configuration and its operating conditions are selected to achieve certain objectives such as maximizing the profit of the process, and minimizing the generation of pollutants, while satisfying several design and operating constraints (safety, controllability, availability of raw materials, etc. ). Usually, the performance of the chemical reactor plays a pivotal role in the operation and economics of the entire process since its operation affects most other units in the process (separation units, utilities, etc. ). Chemical reactors usually fulfill three main requirements: 1 . Provide appropriate contacting of the reactants. 2. Provide the necessary reaction time for the formation of the desirable product. 3. Provide the heat-transfer capability required to maintain the specified temperature range. In many instances these three requirements are to complimentary, and achieving one of them comes at the expense of another. A batch experimental reactor is used for slow reactions since species compositions can be readily measured with time. Batch reactors are used widely in industry at all scales. Batch reactors are tanks , commonly provided with agitation and a method of heat transfer ( usually by coils or external jacket) . This type of reactor is primarily employed for relatively slow reactions of several hours duration, since the downtime for filling and emptying large equipment can be significant. Agitation is used to maintain homogeneity and to improve heat transfer. In a batch reactor it consists of a tank, integral heating and cooling system; one or more fluid reagents are introduced into a tank reactor equipped with an impeller which helps to stirs the reagents to ensure proper perfect mixing. Batch chemical reactors are used for a variety of process operations such as solids dissolution, product mixing, chemical reactions, batch distillation, crystallization, liquid/liquid extraction and popularization. Chemical reactors vary widely in size, shape and method of operation; the simple types of reactor are: batch reactor (BRB); based on omelet mixing, plug flow reactor (PR); based on plug flow, continues stirred tank reactors (CAST); based on back-mix flow and laminar flow reactor (ELF); based on laminar flow. Batch reactors are used both in laboratories and industrial process for prod icing chemicals. In the laboratories, it is used in Of kinetics experimental data for different types Of reacting systems. In industries, it is used for small scale production; especially for situations whereby switching from one process or product to another are required; such as in manufacture of pharmaceuticals. It is also used in the production f polyvinyl chloride (involving suspension of popularization) and emotion popularization latex Generally several factors could influence the rate of a chemical reaction. Some of these factors include: Temperature Concentration State of reactants (that is if they are solid, liquid or gas) Order of reaction Theory The overall mass balance for the stirred reactor can be written as: Rate of change within the reactor = Input -?output-Loss by reaction For batch operation, the overall mass balance can be rearranged to: Rate of change within the reactor Loss by reaction I. E. For a material A: Where: CACAO is input concentration of A in the input stream CA = exit concentration of A in the exit stream RA rate of reaction of A. In homogeneous reaction systems, reaction rates depend on the concentration of the reactants. Collision theory indicates a rate increase if the concentration of one or both of the reactants is increased. Conversely, lowering the concentration should have the opposite effect. However, the specific effect of concentration changes in a reaction system has to be determined by experimental methods. Increasing the concentration Of substance A in reaction with substance B old increase the reaction rate, decrease it or have no effect on it depending on the particular reaction. It is important to recognize that the balanced equation for the net reaction does not indicate how the reaction rate is affected by a change in concentration of reactants. The general form of the rate law for a bimolecular reaction is: The reaction to be studied in this experiment for the batch reactor was for the specification Of ethyl acetate with dilute sodium hydroxide. The equation is as shown below: Specification is the name given to the chemical reaction that occurs when a getable oil or animal fat is mixed with a strong alkali. The products of the reaction are two: soap and glycerin. Water is also present, but it does not enter into the chemical reaction. The water is only a vehicle for the alkali, which is otherwise a dry powder. It is commonly refers to the reaction of a metallic alkali such as Lye (A. K. A. Sodium Hydroxide or Noah) with an animal or vegetable fat, or oil to produce soap. In this reaction, two products result: Soap and Glycerin. The equation is as shown below: The structural formula is shown below: Sodium Hydroxide (Noah) is a caustic base or metallic alkali Noah is used in his experiment which means it will result in a hard soap will result. In specification, the metallic alkali, in this case sodium hydroxide (Noah) breaks down the fat with which it is mixed. In soap making, fats used can either be vegetable oils like olive Oil, or animal fats. When the oil Or fat is mixed with the base the process takes place it can be endothermic reaction meaning it absorbs surrounding heat or exothermic reaction releasing heat. In the reaction the rate is expected to depend on the concentration of A and B. The order of the reaction in both components is first; therefore the action has an overall order of two, since the overall order is the sum of the power order of each of the components. Thus, from Equating equation (1) and (2) it gives: However, if the two concentration are made equal from the start, then; Integrating gives the equation 5 below: From equation (5), a graph of against can be plotted which will give a slope that is equal to rates constant Concentration of hydroxide, is the concentration of reactant A in the exit stream at time t is the initial concentration of Noah is the conductivity of the solution at time t is the conductivity Of the solution at the end Of reaction s the initial conductivity at time t = O The relationship between reaction rate and temperature is explained by Awareness equation which is given as: is the reaction rate constant is the universal gas constant (8. 314] mol-K-1) is temperature is the activation energy (k mol-l) is Awareness constant or pre-exponential factor (5-1) for a first order reaction By applying natural logarithm to both sides, equation 7 above can be re- written as shown below: A plot of against would yield a strai ght line graph from which A can be obtained as the intercept of the line at. The activation energy (EAI) can then be obtained from the slope of the graph which is given as. Thus if the slope, S z, then the activation energy can be estimated as: Reactions with low activation energy are relatively temperature-insensitive while those with high activation energies are very temperature sensitive. Therefore, any given reaction is much more temperature-sensitive at a low temperature than at a high temperature. Thus the batch stirred tank reactor allows to measure rates of reaction by observing the change of reactant concentration within the reactor with time. It can also easily change and control the temperature of the system. Experimental equipment 1 Figure 1: Layout of the experimental equipment Description As seen in figure 2, the experimental diagram shows the equipment used in the laboratory practical and the layout. These include: 1. Arm field batch reactor, which was the main equipment that was used for the experiment to take place where the reactants were mixed in; 2. A stop clock for measuring time (in seconds) after start up as the run proceed; 3. A portable conductivity meter, which measures the time dependent conductivity of the solution in the tank. The unit on the meter is Siemens m-l; 4. Water bath with a thermostat, here ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide were place in other to maintain their temperature; 5. Funnel used to pour ethyl acetate and diluted sodium hydroxide into the batch reactor; 6. Heat controller used to control the temperature for the experiment at the different temperature; 7. Flasks used to measure out 1 liter Of each reactant(ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide); 8. Water solution used to put the conductivity probe inside while the reactants were poured into the reactor; 9. A thermometer for measuring the water temperature. Experimental Procedure 1 . The reaction temperature was initially set to 25 co on the thermostatic tat. 2. Two 1 liter flasks were filled to the mark with sodium hydroxide solution and ethyl acetate solution respectively. They were then placed in the bath. 3. The reaction temperature was set on the reactor control panel. 4. The conductivity meter was set up and its probe end was placed in the bath to come reaction temperature. 5. The flasks were allowed to reach reaction temperature. 6. The solution of sodium hydroxide (1 liter) was added to the reactor, as well as the solution of ethyl acetate (1 liter) was added to the reactor and the clock was started when ca. 50% was added. 7. After 30 seconds, the ca. 200 ml ample was withdrawn from the reactor and straight after that, its conductivity was measured, noting time. The sample was then returned to the reactor and the probe to the bath. 8. This was repeated every 30 seconds for 10 minutes. 9. The experiment was allowed to run for another 20 minutes, this time taking readings every 3 minutes. 10. The experiment was then repeated at different temperatures of ICC and ICC Observations It was observed that the conductivity readings obtained at ICC, ICC and ICC decreases with time.