The Letters of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Essay

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a composer greatly known worldwide for his impeccable musical abilities in the movie Amadeus. His strong character is what made Peter Shaffer and Milos Forman, who were the movie’s screen writer and director to craft a portrait of the protagonist. This movie was indeed a great movie right from the compositions, performances as well as the drama involved. It is for this reason that this movie was able to scoop eight Oscars in 1985. The movie essentially covers about ten years of the life of Mozart, most of which he was in Vienna where he meets Salieri, who was a composer and is fascinated by Mozart and his music. This movie draws one interest particularly when it comes to the composition, the musical instruments used and finally the general musical elements such as melody, rhythm, dynamics and harmony. This paper gives an in-depth analysis to the composer, the accuracy of the portrayal and finally the issues learnt from Amadeus, the movie. Mozart was portrayed as a very great composer as he worked on many genres. Among them are the string quintet, the symphony, the string quartet, sonata and finally the piano concerto. The composition therefore goes over a very wide range. Mozart, who dies before his thirty sixth birthday has over six hundred productions, some which were not even published. His great composition is seen through Salieri, who has been depicted as a mediocre composer, of third degree in composition but has a first degree in identifying good music. Mozart therefore is one composer with hard to beat composition abilities.CITATION Wol66 p 23 l 1033 (Mozart 23)The portrayal of the characters and generally the music was in my own opinion accurate. Amadeus was a great composer and this is exactly what he was. He even dedicates one of his pieces of work to Salier, his great rival on his death bedCITATION Wol66 p 4 l 1033 (Mozart 4). Musical instruments used included were the piano, the glass harmonica, the flute among others. Since it was a movie based on classical music, the instruments were accurately selected. The musical elements also came out very strongly with attention paid to the awesome melodies, great harmonies, great use of rhythm and to a very large extent the style was very unique. CITATION Har81 p 34 l 1033 (Row 34)It can be easily pointed out that as much as the movie focuses on other issues such as spiritual matters, envy, rivalry and family, its main focus was music. Even rivalry and envy were as a result of the difference in musical abilities of Mozart and Salieri. Unlike other productions which make fictional characters real, this production made a real character a fictional one. This is in order to relate the musical capability of the real character, commonly known by his audience to the fictional character’s abilities. Generally, I think Amadeus has been one of the best expressions of art, music, the genius artist. This is what makes the movie to be described as a modern classic. It offers a completely new dimension and point of view of classic music. This piece of art not only takes us through different and diverse characters but it also mixes music with the real world realities like envy. The director of this movie has made a number of movies but however many there are or are still to come, I doubt there will be one of them that will surpass this particular movie. References BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Mozart, Wolfgand Amadeus. The Letters of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. 1866. Row, Harper and. Peter Shaffer’s Amadeus. 1981. Source document

Diabetes Case Study Essay

Patients with lower socioeconomic status often times never seek primary care until seen by an Emergency Room doctor. At that moment he or she is told to see a primary physician for a condition known as diabetes. Although some individual think if they ignore the fact that they have been diagnosed with diabetes it will simply go away. This is a common and immediately life-threatening issue seen in hospitals About Clinical Diabetes (McNaughton; Self, 2011). â€Å"Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a set of related diseases in which the body cannot regulate the amount of sugar (specifically, glucose) in the blood. The blood delivers glucose to supply the body with energy to perform daily activities. Today 90% of adult with diabetes are diagnose with type2 diabetes (Wheeler, 2011). The other 10% of Americans diagnosed with type1 diabetes. These finding are addressed during childhood or adolescence times. Joslin Diabetes Center is one of the progressive research, education, and clinical care centers (n.d., 2006). It allows physicians and other health professionals’ continuing education on a daily. Reasons for type1or type2 diabetes are still unknown. Some studies say it may be hereditary and a personal lifestyle. However, obesity, inactivity lifestyle, some ethic group such as African American, American Indians, Hispanics, Latinos, Asia Americans, and Pacific Islanders runs a high risk of developing type2 diabetes (Ferry, 2011). Roughly 13,000 American children have type1diabetes every year. Type1diabetes produce small amount insulin, usually found in children. Even with Type1 diabetes, children can play physical sports alone with other children. These actives can help lower blood glucose levels, and helps the cells in he or she body to use the insulin. Type2 diabetes is more common found in adults. The cells chose to disregard the insulin in the cells in the body fail to obtain the energy they need. Individual body stores insulin in the pancreas when he or she eat and release the insulin to transfer the food into energy needed for daily use. Too much glucose can be harmful to the body it tends to build up in different parts of the body like the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and the heart. When these symptoms go unnoticed for long periods of times, it could cause a massive amount of damage to his or vital organs. Research finds individual with type2 diabetes are in jeopardy of heart disease and stroke when his or her blood sugar levels are not controlled with the right amount of medication (Adams, n.d). Type2 diabetes can be manageable with the right diet, physical activity, and medication. History shows these practices can aid in controlling type2 diabetes and allowing anyone to live a fairly healthy life. More than half will eventually require insulin or diabetes pills at some point and time to control their blood sugar level. There are several types of medications that will help, and some will have an unusual side effect. Learning how to monitor his or her glucose level can help maintain this disease. By maintaining glucose levels causes an individual to decrease the risk of complications. Maintaining the levels will allow him or her to make healthier decision as for as their food intake, medication, and exercise. Monitoring their levels, allows him or her to become conscious of a pattern of what is a normal or abnormal blood sugar. This prevents the individual from going into a hypoglycemia attack. Once a pattern has been established allows a person to learn his or her body, and the symptoms when his or her levels are beginning to drop. Individuals able to gather this information enables them to discuss their observance with his or her health care provider, for him or her to determine the right amount of dose of insulin. Excess glucose drives vessels to become thicker and less elastics. When blood vessels in the back of the eye balloons out into pouches, it is showing some sort of eye disease. When this happens it can lead to blood vessels leaking and can block him or her vision. Excess glucose can happen throughout the body. Kidney disease occurs, once blood vessels in the kidney become spongy and release blood. Blood leaking in the kidney from the vessels, inaugurate, and allow protein from the blood to be excreting to urine. When this happens if not kept under control it will lead to kidney failure. Damage blood vessels become a blockage that causes heart attacks; the blockage slows and restricts blood circulation to the legs. Amputation of a limb becomes necessary if an injury to legs or feet goes untreated. Bruising of blood tissue in those areas are risky. In conclusion diabetes can be controlled with the proper health care, exercise, and physical activities. People’s actions can prevent or slow the complications of diabetes. Over time, he or she actions can setback those future complications if this disease is not taken seriously, or not taking medication properly. Monitoring his or her blood glucose levels determine if the individual treatment is working or if the physician needs to change medications. Bibliography Adams, A. (n.d.). Genetic Health. Retrieved November 26, 2011, from Genetic Health: http://www.genetichealth.com/dbts_consequences_of_diabetes.shtml Ferry, R. (2011, 11 18). emedicine Health. Retrieved 11 27, 2011, from emedicine Health: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/diabetes/article_em.htm#Diabetes Overview McNaughton, C. D; Self, W. H. (2011, March 31). About Clinical Diabetes. Retrieved 11 28, 2011, from About Clinical Diabetes: http://clinical.diabetesjournals.org/content.pdf+html n.d. (2006). Joslin EZ Start. Guiding Insulin Initiation , [Punctuation: Avoid leaving a space before a comma] 15.

Petroleum - Chemical Composition, Formation, Technology used to Research Paper

Petroleum - Chemical Composition, Formation, Technology used to process, Products derived from petroleum, and History - Research Paper Example Petroleum powered nearly all conveyances, further it is used to generate electricity, and in making of paints, soaps, plastics, inks, and medicines, etc. Beyond any shadow of doubt today's world in incomplete without petroleum. However, petroleum cannot be used directly as a fuel or chemical producer because of its highly complex nature and presence of poisonous or corrosive impurities. Therefore, it is processed and refined to separate amalgams into simpler fractions that can be used as fuels, lubricants, or chemical producers. Tremendous growth and research is observed in the field of Petroleum due to its wide application, complex formation, structure, and refinement processing (â€Å"Petroleum†). Fomation of Petroleum Petroleum is originated from the debris of animal and plant i.e. perpetuated organic material, that’s why it is also known as a fossil fuel. Sea floor (oceanic anoxic events), Oxygen-minimum zones, and anoxic silled basins are the areas where organic ma terial can stockpile ("Petroleum Formation").  Ã‚  It is widely recognized because of low oxygen level organic material gets preserved i.e. prevents degradation. Kerogen (Tucker 262) a waxy substance is formed by the burial diagenesis of organic material. It believes high temperatures (50-80 oC)  is enough for developing the sedimented rocks and initiate the production of alkanes and cyclo-alkanes.  Ã‚  Subsequently, petroleum is formed by hydrocarbon pyrolysis on intense temperature and pressure. Oil window is the area, where the probability of petroleum production is highest, ordinally the temperature of the oil window is around 75-120 oC, and it located at a depth of 2-3.5 Km. Once the petroleum is generated, it is shifted to reservoir rocks from where it is collected. Unfortunately, the time required between the rock depositions to oil window, i.e. maturation period is not sorted out yet. However, generally it takes million of years. Among several factors behind petroleum generation, it believes that the significant quantity of oil may generate if burial time is huge even temperature is lower than required. For example, Paleozoic basins give rise to significant oil at 50 degrees Celsius while 115 oC are required for oil production via the younger Mio-Pliocene basins at nearly the identical burial depth. In addition to, it is observed that Paleozoic source rocks developed during the Cretaceous times, due to large tectonic activity occurring (Tissot, and Welte 699). Composition of Petroleum Hydrocarbon, non-hydrocarbon (S, O, N, etc.), organometallic compounds and inorganic salts are the constituent of petroleum ("Petroleum composition"). Hydrocarbon: Principal constituent of petroleum is the hydrocarbon; closely all types of hydrocarbon are present in petroleum. Alkenes and alkyne are the only two hydrocarbons which  are  not present in petroleum. Following  is the major classes of hydrocarbons present in petroleum. 1. Alkanes It is saturated hy drocarbon and also recognized as paraffins.  Ã‚  Generally, alkanes are symbolized by a formula CnH2n+2.  It is  present in a dissolved state within the petroleum. 2. Cycloparaffins It is saturated hydrocarbon and also known as napthenes, present in crude oil. However, its ratio is dependent on the type of petroleum. The lower members of naphthenes are cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and

Respond to the discussion about Aristotle (for online Essay - 2

Respond to the discussion about Aristotle (for online class-introduction to Ethics) - Essay Example And yes, she is already being virtuous by helping the underground escape group. That is indeed, in itself, a very risky job to do. 2. Your perspective is right, but your interpretation is slightly controversial. I agree with you that by remaining silent, she is doing a right thing. However, you must realize that she will be in no less pain if she gives a â€Å"shut up† call to the bookstore owner for humiliating her religious beliefs. Whether she speaks up, or she remains silent, she is bearing pain either way and is being courageous and virtuous as long as her intention is to save other Jews that depend upon her for help. 3. You have provided a very comprehensive analysis of either of the two decisions, the lady could have made, and have rightly justified the benefits of remaining silent in comparison to opening up. However, I do not agree with you when you tend to make the lady join the bookstore owner in his malicious intentions and wording against the Jewish community, be that apparent or for a positive reason ultimately. As the case explains, the lady is only a low level worker at the bookstore. Therefore, if she tries to let the owner know that she holds similar views about Jews, it will only make the owner suspicious about her.

Plato and Rousseaus Commentary on Constitutional Breakdown Essay

Plato and Rousseaus Commentary on Constitutional Breakdown - Essay Example Plato thus emphasized that democracy, just like oligarchy, draws a rift between the rich and the poor (Rosen, 2008). With the perceiving the rich as plotting against them, they seek protection through rallying their support behind a champion. With the increasing support of the mob, such a champion is likely to turn into a tyrant. For Plato, the law ought to be a defining factor for all the actions of individuals within a certain jurisdiction and that people have to lose their freedom for the sake of gaining peace and harmony. To prevent degeneration of the constitution, Plato postulates that the law has to become the master of the government and the government to be its slave, so that every person is answerable to the law. In addition, Plato suggests that for a constitution to be effective then the government should be run by the best (aristocratic), so that the leaders are highly wise and that they receive proper training concerning how a state should be run. Contrary to Plato’s view, Rousseau believes that constitutions that fail to recognize the individual moral responsibility of the citizens is bound to degenerate with time. As such, for any constitutional coercions to be justified, they must be based on certain general agreements among the citizens. Rousseau observed that constitutional governments were driven by an assumption that citizens within a given state, regardless of their divisions in terms of personal opinions, remain firmly in agreement concerning the desire to share the same political existence.

Observation Report On Special Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Observation Report On Special Education - Essay Example This essay covers on actual status of a special education environment. It extrapolates on observations made during learning hours within a special needs school. In order to ascertain functionality of theoretical concepts in practical settings, we will relate attributes learned in class with those observed in the field. These will include a description of physical elements of the environment, evaluation on teaching strategies employed by teachers, understanding of daily routine within the school and finally a personal reflection based on observations made within the practical context. Description of Classroom Setting The classroom is located at ground floor level together with the mainstream building, with a specially designed exit and entry doors for wheelchairs. Inside the building, I realized that it was a self-contained room with the washroom situated at the back of the room. With a population of thirteen students, one teacher and two aid workers were ready to address any kind of need required by each student. At all times, the two aids Mrs. Francisco and Mrs. Adams arrive in class on time, actually by 11 AM. The teacher, Mr. Molesan, is tasked with delivering class content to the students, who belonged to 5th and 6th grade. On the other hand, Mrs. Francisco and Mrs. Adams assist the challenged students in pushing their wheel chairs or in managing any difficulty related to their disabilities. In order to minimize disruption and inconvenience created by movements, the students are only pulled out of the classroom when necessary, for example during lunch break. Inside the class are seven learning centers each located at strategic positions. With these centers, students can conveniently move from the computers section to the arts and craft center. All the 13 students in the class have various forms of disabilities which include communication impairment, auditory impairment, mild physical challenges and a few with multiple disabilities. Based on the appearance of the classroom setting, I would say that the school has been successful in achieving the underlying objective of delivering special education. According to Smith and Tyler (2010), locating the classroom together with the mainstream building enhances inclusiveness, thus fostering a sense of acceptance among the handicapped students. In addition, locating different learning centers within a single classroom serves as an indication that teachers are committed towards enhancing learning through special approaches. As if those provisions were not enough, timely availability of the two aid workers indicates commitment towards efficiency in assisting learners with special needs. Physical Environment It is undeniable that learners with special needs require a supportive environment that will increase convenience during learning. Based on my observations, such supportive attributes were installed in various parts of the room. Students using wheelchairs were not required to use staircases but enjoyed gently sloping wheelchair case. Additionally, another physical attribute of the class involved vastness of the working space. A class which on normal occasion could accommodate 40 students only had 13 students. According to Boyle (2009), this enables creation of enough space which would allow special maneuvering of physically handicapped members of the class. Students were

Perspectives on Changes in Adulthood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Perspectives on Changes in Adulthood - Essay Example With this, I believe that in order for me to live a good life, I must refrain from abusing others or causing them unnecessary hurt. This means that I should be mindful of relationship with people such that I give utmost consideration to how they feel. When dealing with the people I care most about like my family, friends or colleagues and even strangers, I try to be firm but at the same time gentle and understanding. Exploring the other side of the coin, the same rule may also be interpreted as to do unto others what we want them to do unto us. Hence, since I desire respect and love from the people who matter to me, I should also be generous in giving the respect and love that I yearn from them. This principle of reciprocity also extends to finding ways and means to be of service to people. I try to share with others as much as I could. I impart to them my material blessings, quality time and God-given talents. I have been blessed with myriad gifts and abilities. As such, I should maximize these blessings my putting them into use that is mutually beneficial for my fellowmen and me. In this regard, it is not only I who becomes the better person but they as well. However, I am cautious of people who attempt to exploit the kindness and generosity I willingly offer. I also protect myself from being taken advantage of. With regard to my personal concerns, I reckon that to ensure success in life I should always give my best in everything I do. Thus, in all my undertakings, I exert my best effort. Although the outcome may not be as expected, what is essential is that I tried my best.Perception on Changes in Activities, Relationships, Health and Mental Outlook As I crossed over from early to full-bloom adulthood, my perception and action on various matters have substantially changed. During early stages of adulthood, I have this typical carefree attitude that one normally displays in youth. To widen my horizon, I savored attending social gatherings and parties where I met a lot of people and made new friends or contacts. When I was younger, I loved exploring new things, thus, I was open to trying activities or things that I have never encountered. When it comes to my relationship with others, I was more passionate, intense and irrational with no complete regard as to what effects such emotions or actions would have on me. Bordering on the immature side, the relationships I had built then tended to be unstable as I somehow had a narrow and selfish viewpoint. With regard to my health, this aspect was not really a primary concern then. Albeit I was fully aware of apparent health hazards relative to having vices or driving too fast or consuming too much junk and fatty foods, it never dawned on me that these might have adverse effects on me. I was not totally appreciative to the good health I enjoyed with the perception that such condition would last a lifetime. As a young adult, my mental outlook by and large lies alongside childishness or immaturity. With this, I was aggressive so I had the tendency to always act before actually thinking of the whole circumstance or the consequences of my actions. This attitude brought about a number of regrettable results.

Leadership Position.Cross Cultural Decision Making Assignment

Leadership Position.Cross Cultural Decision Making - Assignment Example International business ethics is of high value, especially when team members originate from other countries. It is a spicy mixture, if team members originate from UK, Brazil, Egypt and Colombia.   A mixture of Eastern and Western culture is an effective conglomerate, but it may take time and effort to make this unity successful. A diverse world requires numerous opportunities and gives many chances for goals realization either by individuals or by the company. A leader is a mediator of relations between employees and organization. From his apt communication of goals depends future performance of the organization. A current task is challenged by international nature not only of its team members, but also by location of plants. The first plant is based in Ireland and the second plant is located in Honduras.   Raw materials come from different international companies. Manufacturing plants are located in different countries and it is very much important that cultural differences in c ommunication among employees of the plants should be properly considered by a leader. For example, lingual and cultural barriers can exist. To overcome them a wise leader should set correct goals and inspire team members of high performance by means of rewards. ... That is why it is very important for employee the way he is perceived by the leader and other members of his team. Therefore, to motivate employees from different countries, it is possible to take the following steps: to choose between need-based models of motivation and process-based models of motivation. In accordance with Hofstede (2003), the first type of model is based on social orientation, power orientation, uncertainty orientation, and goal orientation. This approach is relevant to representatives of uncertainty-avoiding cultures, when employees are focused on job stability and a personal security. It is better to implement reinforcement, which leads to positive outcomes and avoid punishment, which leads to negative outcomes (Trompenaars, 2004). To avoid misunderstanding, it is better for managers to develop his practices in compliance with a formal code of ethics of the organization. Ethical dilemmas can be dealt in interactive way, when members of organization have an oppor tunity of trainings visiting, which are mainly focused on ethical aspects of business (Alanazi & Rodrigues, 2003). Social responsibility is another integrative element of a successful international leadership. Basic human needs of employees, their rewards, promotion and support should be of high importance for the modern leaders. A modern process of decision making should be regulated by a leader with respect to the following facts: â€Å"a set of social relations  which includes consumption patterns, market regulations, ownership and control structures, labor conditions, government decision making, and the motivations and aspirations of the actors involved† (Thompson 1994, p. 4). Especially in the international context these factors play even

Adoption of Information and Communication Technology Essay Example for Free

Adoption of Information and Communication Technology Essay Abstract Nigerian banking industry has become highly ICT-based and is reaping the benefits of technological revolution as evidenced by its application in most of its operations. The objective of this paper was to determine if the Nigerian banks have failed or succeeded in the adoption and use of ICT (see table 2.1). An evaluation of the adoption and use of ICT infrastructures from the periods between years 2000 to 2008 indicated steady growth. It is presumed that as of today, the Nigerian banks may have attained their ICT potentials in their operations, though with some challenges. The paper concludes that the adoption of ICT has influenced the content and quality of banking operations. This paper recommends that investment in information and communication technology should form an important component in the overall strategy of banking operators to ensure effective operations. Keywords: Information, Communication, Technology, Banking Industry. INTRODUCTION Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is the automation of processes, controls, and information production using computers, telecommunications, software and other gadget that ensure smooth and efficient running of activities. It is a term that largely covers the coupling of electronic technology for the information needs of a business at all levels. ICT has surpassed the role of support services or only electronic data processing; its fields of applications are slightly global and unlimited. Its devices especially the Internet and modern computer email facilities have further strengthened early modernizations like the telephone and fax. Other ICT devices include data recognition equipment, factory automation hardware and services, telecomputing and teleconferences using real time and online system (Adeoti, 2005). The application of information and communication technology concepts, techniques, policies and implementation strategies to banking services has become a subject of fundamental importance and concerns to all banks and indeed a prerequisite for local and global competitiveness. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) directly affects how managers decide, how they plan and what products and services are offered in the banking industry. It has continued to change the way banks and their corporate relationships are organized worldwide and the variety of innovative devices available to enhance the speed and quality of service delivery. Harold and Jeff (1995) contend that financial service providers should modify their traditional operating practices to remain viable in the 1990s and the decades that follow. They claim that the most significant shortcoming in the banking industry today is a wide spread failure on the part of senior management in banks to grasp the importance of technology and incorporate it into their strategic plans accordingly. Considering ICT to ensure banks survival, Woherem (2000) claimed that only banks that overhaul the whole of their payment and delivery systems and apply ICT to their operations are likely to survive and prosper in the new millennium. He advices banks to re-examine their service and delivery systems in order to properly position them within the framework of the dictates of the dynamism of information and communication technology. The banking industry has witnessed tremendous changes linked with the developments in ICT over the years. Nigerian banks have undergone changes in their operations since the consolidation process of 2005, when some banks were forced to merge with others to meet Central Bank of Nigeria’s (CBN) recapitalisation fund necessary for operation. Until then, most of the banks operated paper based systems at inception and later adjusted at the dawn of ICT revolution. In recent times, ICT, which basically involves the use of electronic gadgets especially computers for storing, analyzing and distributing data, is having a dramatic influence on almost all aspects of individual lives and that of the national economy the banking sector inclusive. The increasing use of ICT has allowed for integration of different economic units in a spectacular way. This phenomenon is not only applicable to Nigeria but other economies of the world, though the level of their usage may differ. In Nigeria, ICT usage especially in the banking sector, has considerably improved, even though it may not have been as high as those observed for advanced countries (Adeoti, 2005; Adeyemi, 2006). The use of ICT in the banking sector became of interest to this study due to the significant role it plays in the economy. It helps in stimulating economic growth by directing funds to economic agents that need them for productive activities. This function is very vital for any economy that intends to experience meaningful growth because it makes arrangements that bring borrowers and lenders of financial resource together and more efficiently too than if they had to relate directly with one another (Adam, 2005; Ojo, 2007). In essence, the banking sector acts as a bridge that connects lenders and investors in the economy. The bank reforms (especially the recapitalization that specifies a minimum capital base of 25 billion naira for commercial banks), are pursued with a view to making the sector realize its objectives in advancing the economy (CBN, 2006). It is expected that the impact of these reforms will be enhanced with the use of ICT because it will create some form of competitive advantage and improve banking services through accuracy and efficiency in their transactions. In other words, it will change the nature of banks’ services in terms of quality which will culminate in greater service delivery and productivity. This is in tandem with the findings made by Adeoti (2005) that the use of information technology has the ability of improving the competitiveness of Nigerian manufacturing industries. In fact, ICT has had an impact on the Banking Industry as its emergence allows banks to apply credit-scoring techniques to consumer credits, mortgages or credit cards. Hence, products that used to be highly dependent on the banks ´ evaluation of its customers have now become more standardized. Other examples of ICT impact on the Banking Industry include the increased process efficiency, which can reduce costs in banks. This has also produced changes in the structure of bank income. As a result of increased competition that has lowered margins in lending operations (the banks’ traditional business), banks have diversified their sources of income and rely increasingly on income from fees services rather than interest rate spreads. Fees charged for services include typical banking activities like payment transactions, safe custody and account administration. Data storage and retrieval is another wonderful innovation brought into the Banking Industry, where specialized software is engaged to create database to be manipulated by Database Management Software (DBMS). A single database created could be used for several purposes within the system in order to eliminate data redundancy. From the above discourse, this paper seeks to determine whether or not the adoption of ICT enhances the operations of Nigerian banks. To achieve this, the introductory part of this paper after defining what ICT is, clearly established that to remain viable in the current age as financial concerns, banks must adopt ICT. In the succeeding sections, the paper will review relevant literature and identify the types of ICT infrastructures used in Banks; the benefits and effects of ICT on banking industry will be discussed, after which an evaluation of its success or failure will be done; then, the conclusion and recommendations will be made. LITERATURE REVIEW The Concept of ICT and a Perspective in Nigerian Banks Technology can be referred to as the application of knowledge for the execution of a given task. It entails skills and processes necessary for carrying out activities (works) in a given context, while ICT encompasses computer systems, telecommunication, networks, and multimedia applications (Frenzel, 1996). It came into use in the late 1980’s replacing earlier terms like Electronic Data Processing (EDP), Management Information System (MIS), although the latter terms are still in use (Frenzel, 1996). ICT has transcended the role of support services or only electronic data processing; its fields of applications are somewhat global and unlimited. Its devices especially the Internet through the World Wide Web (www) and modern computer email facilities have further strengthened early innovations like the telephone and fax. Other ICT devices include data recognition equipment, factory automation hardware and services, tele-computing and teleconferences using real time and online system (Adeoti, 2005). It is a concept that is having a remarkable effect on almost entire aspects of the human endeavours. This connotes that it involves the application of principles to engage physical component in achieving an intended goal. The convergence of computer and telecommunication after about four decades of applying computers to routine data processing, mainly in information storage and retrieval, has created a new development where information has become the engine of growth around the world. This development has created catch-up opportunities for developing countries such as Nigeria to attain desired levels of development without necessarily ‘reinventing the wheels’ of economic growth. This new technology has brought far-reaching revolution in societies, which has tremendously transformed most business (banking) scenes (Ovia, 2005). With respects to the banks in Nigeria, the first established bank was in 1892 (then African Banking Corporation). However, there was no banking legislation until 1952 when three foreign banks (Bank of British West Africa, Barclays Bank, and British and French Bank) and two indigenous banks (National Bank of Nigeria and African Continental Bank) were established, with a total number of 40 branches (Iganiga, 1998). As at 1988, the Nigerian banking system consisted of the CBN, 42 commercial banks and 24 merchant banks (Iganiga, 1998; Adam, 2005). From 1970, the banking sector grew significantly in terms of number and coverage as a result of increase in economic activities. However, between 1970 and 1985, the growth of the sector was relatively slow due to predominant government regulations but the period 1986-2000 witnessed a phenomenal growth of the sector as a result of the financial deregulation policy, that is the Structural Adjustment Program-SAP of 1986 (Iganiga, 1998). This brought about the liberalization of bank licence leading to a rapid change in the sector. Some of the banks were characterized by paper oriented methods, rather than technological based systems and this resulted to slow pace of their operations vis-à  -vis their employees’ productivity cum general performance. The use of computers and other ICT gadgets in their operations were limited. This was one of the reasons adduced by Ojo (2007) as factors responsible for the Nigerian financial sector malaise. To mitigate the shocks experienced in the system, the Federal Government of Nigeria came up with the financial sector reforms through the CBN. The policy thrust on bank reforms encompasses the sum of the variations that occur in the direction of a comprehensive banking system. The bank reforms agenda, among others, specified a minimum capital base of 25 billion naira for the commercial banks that took effect in December, 2005 (Diamond Bank, 2005; CBN, 2006). This has reduced the number of commercial banks in Nigeria from 89 to 25, which was done via the processes of mergers, acquisition and the stock market (CBN, 2006; Ige, 2007). The major aim was to make Nigerian banks vibrant and resilient, clothed with efficiency and financial strength to absorb possible shocks, thereby instilling public confidence as well as global relevance (Soludo, 2004). ICT and Nigerian Banking Sector The revolution in ICT has made the banking sector changed from the traditional mode of operations to presumably better ways with technological innovation that improves efficiency. ICT can enhance efficiency via its use and in recent times banks have been encouraged by the rapid decline in the price of ICT gadgets. This has perhaps increased the bank level of ICT usage (Ovia, 2005).The increase might have also be attributable to business environment that became relatively flexible to accommodate new forms of technological change as a result of reforms in the country. Banking is becoming highly ICT-based and because of its inter-sectoral link, it appears to be reaping most of the benefits of revolution in technology, as can be seen by its application to almost all areas of its activities (Akinuli, 1999). It has broadened the scope of banking practices and changed the nature of banking as well as the competitive environment in which they operate. A broad opening has been experienced around the world for banks and they are currently taking due advantage of these innovations to provide improved customer services in the face of competition and faster services that enhance productivity (Akinuli, 1999; Ovia,2005). Technological advancement facilitates payments and creates convenient alternatives to cash and cheque for making transactions. Such new practices have led to the development of a truly global, seamless and Internet enabled 24-hour business of banking. ICT revolution both in terms of innovation rate, speedy operation, and cost per unit (portraying reduction in average total and marginal costs) has made a good number of banks embrace the use of ICT infrastructure in their operations (Akinuli, 1999). The technological innovation that is being witnessed currently in the Nigerian banking sector is possible of impacting on the banks’ mode of transactions especially in their payment systems. The payment systems are made feasible by ICT gadgets such as Automated Teller Machine (ATM), Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT), Clearing House Automated Payments (CHAPs), Electronic Purse (E-PURSE), Automated Cheque Sorter (ACS) and Electronic and Transfer at Point of Sale (EFTPOS), which have made transactions easy and convenient. This phenomenon is capable of bringing about speedy operations and enhanced productivity (Adeoti, 2005; Ovia, 2005). Though there may be little interruptions at times due to network failures, which may make customers unable to carry out transactions at that point in time. This little shortcoming is not in any way comparable to the days when banking halls were characterized by long queues mainly as a result of delays in the traditional banking operations. Now banks can provide comprehensive services to their customers by making them access their accounts via online services. These instruments have an edge over the traditional payment instruments because it is safer, more efficient, convenient and cost effective. Before the introduction of these ICT services in the banking industry, manual processing of documents were in use. The bankers were made to cope with this onerous task, and the process made business transactions minimal. Besides several hectic procedures, people had to contend with, banks’ customers were inevitably made to spend several hours in the congested banking halls in carrying out their transactions (Ovia, 2005). The present situation The ICT culture in Nigerian economy can be said to be on the increase. Nigeria is the largest Internet subscriber in Africa with about 100,000 Internet users as at 2000, which was estimated to have grossly increased (Balancing Act, 2007). It has also been observed that Nigeria’s telecommunication density had remarkably increased by more than 2,550% from 0.35% in 1992 to 9.3% in 2004, thereby greatly exceeding the International Telephone Union’s (ITU) benchmark of 1% (Ndukwe, 2005). This phenomenon has helped banks keep substantial information on-line which reduces the cost of marketing their products. Being a competitive tool, it enhances the creation of customized services, reduces the cost of operation, and improves productivity as well as profitability. More interestingly, almost all the banks in Nigeria have internet and on-line real time banking facilities which has improved the scope of Nigerian banking. It has aided transfer of funds from one location to another without any involvement of facial transactions thereby reducing the incidence of loss of funds to stealing and the likes. Another recent one is the telephone banking technology that allows customers to have transactions on their accounts by calling a particular telephone number, through voice activation, and using a tone pad. All of these improve the comfort of banking transactions. THE TYPES OF ICT SUBSTRUCTURES USED IN BANKS Ovia (2005) opined that ICT adoption will improves three critical domains which are efficiency, quality, and transparency in any organisation. Agboola (2001) discussed the dimensions in which automation in the banking industry manifest in Nigeria. They include: Bankers Automated Clearing Services: Automated Payment Systems, Automated Delivery Channels. In the analysis done by Alawode and Kaka (2008) on ICT infrastructures used in Nigerian banks between the periods of 2000 to 2008, found a proportionate increase in adoption and use. The specific ICT infrastructural use within year 2000 to year 2008 include Internet Access; Internal Network; SMS Alert; Substitution of Postal Mail; ICT Security Measures; Authentication and Automated Payment System. The tabular presentation of the ICT structures and the analysis are presented below. This analysis and other recent literature will form the basis for evaluation of ICT adoption success or otherwise, and informs its inclusion in this seminar paper. TABLE 2.1:SURVEY DATA OF SOME SELECTED BANKS IN NIGERIA AND THEIR UPTAKE IN SOME ICT INFRASTRUCTURES Serialnumbers| ICT infrastructures| Percentage of Nigeria Banks that use a particular ICT infrastructure within year2000 to year 2008.| | | 2000 – 2002| 2003 – 2005| 2006 – 2008| 1| Internet Access | 27%| 88%| 91%| 2| Internal Network| Wire based| 68%| 82%| 92%| | | Wireless| 08%| 19%| 28%| 3| SMS Alert| NIL| 22%| 98%| 4| Substitution of Postal mail | 18%| 38%| 88%| 5| ICT Security measures| 62%| 81%| 94%| 6| Authentication| 33%| 76%| 85%| 7| Automated PaymentSystem| 1%| 28%| 87%| Source: Alawode and Kaka (2008) Internet Access: An important indicator of the general uptake of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the Banking Industry relates to the use and availability of Internet. Internet access is a precondition for e-Business, as this is the main channel for e-banking. The general availability of Internet allows for the analysis of overall ICT-readiness in the Banking Industry. The Table shows that 91% of Banks studied in Nigeria have access to the internet within year 2006 and 2008, While 27% and 88% from year 2000 to 2002 and from year 2003 to 2005 respectively. The drastic change that occurred from 27% to 88% from year 2000 to 2002 and from year 2003 to 2005 respectively was as the result of ICT awareness competitive products introduced by some the so called â€Å"new generation banks†. Virtually all other banks also braced up to satisfy their customers and there was general improvement in the services and products of Banking Industry. Use of Internal Network: The application of networks is a vital part of an effective ICT-enabled system, which is especially true in the case of banks with a branch network. Local Area Network (LAN) may also be seen as a basic indicator of the minimum infrastructure required to enable companies to conduct e-banking at a substantial level. Wire-based LAN is currently the dominating technology. The survey shows that 92% banks surveyed use wire-based LAN from year 2006 to 2008. The fact that LAN is a relatively low-tech and easily attainable ICT solution, would to some extent explain the wide coverage of this technology from year 2000 to 2008. Wireless LAN is a relatively new technology in the Banking Industry, and is used to permit bank employees to access network resources from nearly any convenient location. The fact that, wireless LAN is relatively new technology accounts for its low percentage uptake in Banking Industry. Use of SMS alert: Instant notification of transactions made was another innovation brought by ICT through the use of smart phone in conjunction with the internet facility in the Banking Industry. Virtually all banks studied in Nigeria use SMS-Alert, except some of the Micro-finance Banks. It was an ICT infrastructure that recorded no patronage between year 2000 and 2002. Substitution of postal mail: The Banking Industry is currently being renewed in many areas. One of these areas relate to the digitalization of formerly paper-based processes. Electronic mail is increasingly being applied for especially non-legal correspondence like account statements, marketing and sales. More than 80% banks surveyed have substituted electronic mail with old postal mail within year 2006 to 2008. This outcome shows that, efficiency gains from electronic mail are yet to be reaped and indicates that the Industry is a bit fragmented in its uptake of electronic mail as means of communication. ICT security measures: The security issue is of special concern in the Banking Industry, as banking is highly based on trust from its customers. Hence, the risk of hackers, denial of service attacks, technological failures, breach of privacy of customer information, and opportunities for fraud created by the anonymity of the parties to electronic transactions all have to be managed. Depending upon its nature and scope, a breach in security can seriously damage public confidence in the stability of a financial institution or of a nations entire banking system. Hence, by introducing the appropriate security measures and putting security concerns at ease, the BI might be able to attract the segments among consumers who previously were not inclined to use e-banking. Furthermore, it is also in the banks’ own interest to improve security, as digital fraud can be costly both in financial losses, and in terms of the damage it does to the brand of the bank in question. Authentication: The common concern among users of e-banking is related to the authentication of users and data connections. The use of digital signatures is not as common as PIN codes or encryption, and reason is the fact that digital signature is relatively new technology. The research even shows that none of the studied banks uses digital signature as the form of authentication, but the up-take in other types of authentication is generally high, up to 85% within the year 2006 and year 2008. Automated Payment System: Devices used in Automated Payment Systems include Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) and Electronic Funds Transfer. ATM still ranked higher in its spread than Electronic Funds Transfer, Low rate of spread of this technology might be due to cost, fear of fraudulent practices and lack of facilities necessary for their operation. But generally speaking, the adoption of Automated Payment System increased dramatically. The table shows the increase from 28% to 87% within the range of 3-years. BENEFITS OF ICT ADOPTION ON BANKING INDUSTRY Many researchers have agreed on some benefits that accrue to ICT adoption and use in the banking industry. These include among others: Enhanced operational efficiency. The use of ICT in the banking industry enhances the operational efficiency of the banks (Madueme, 2009). For example, the use of SMS alert, an ICT infrastructure that recorded no patronage among Nigerian banks between year 2000 and 2002, has presently aided instant notification of transactions. Improved quality of service delivery. Many researchers (Ikechukwu, 2000; Madueme, 2009; Fenuga Oladejo, 2010) confirm that the application of ICT to banking operations has undoubtedly enhances the quality of customer service delivery in the banks. The uses of ICT-based payment systems such as Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) and Electronic Funds Transfer have actually improved the service delivery of Nigerian banks to its customers. For example, a money transfer transaction that used to take me days to transact has been reduced to a matter of few minutes. For a case in point, last week, I sent money to my brother through UBA bank and before I got to the gate after the transaction, I got a call from him confirming that his account was credited through a message alert. Increase in customer satisfaction. This benefit derives from the one above. According to Fenuga and Oladejo (2010), the adoption and use of ICT in the banking industry has increased customers’ satisfaction due to improved quality of banking services. Referring to the above case of personal experience, it is unequivocal that customer satisfaction has markedly increased as a result of adoption and application of ICT in Nigerian banks. Improved profit performance. Another important benefit of the adoption and use of ICT in the banking industry has to do with improved profit margin. Many studies (Baba Harker, 1997; Ikechukwu. 2000; Madueme, 2009; and Oladejo Adereti, 2010) have shown significant and positive correlation between ICT adoption and profitability of organisations. Increase in market shares. When ICT is successfully adopted and applied to banking operations, the overall performance of the banks is improved and this manifest in the corresponding increase in market shares, profitability and other indicators of performance (Oladejo Adereti, 2010). Enhanced competitive advantage. Researches by Ikechukwu (2000) and Oladejo and Adereti, 2010 have lent credence to the fact that application of ICT to the operations of the banks has boosted their operational efficiency and brought about greater competitive advantage in the industry. EFFECTS OF ICT ON BANKING INDUSTRY Agboola (2001) studied the impact of computer automation on the banking services in Lagos and discovered that Electronic Banking has tremendously improved the services of some banks to their customers in Lagos. The study was however restricted to the commercial nerve centre of Nigeria and concentrated on only six banks. He made a comparative analysis between the old and new generation banks and discovered variation in the rate of adoption of the automated devices. Aragba-Akpore (1998) wrote on the application of information technology in Nigerian banks and pointed out that ICT is becoming the backbone of banks’ services regeneration in Nigeria. He cited the Diamond Integrated Banking Services (DIBS) of Diamond Bank Limited and Electronic Smart Card Account (ESCA) of All States Bank Limited as efforts geared towards creating sophistication in the banking sector. Ovia (2000) discovered that banking in Nigeria has increasingly depended on the deployment of Information Communication Technology and that the ICT budget for banking is by far larger than that of any other industry in Nigeria. He contended that On-line system has facilitated Internet banking in Nigeria as evidenced in some of them launching websites. He found also that banks now offer customers the flexibility of operating an account in any branch irrespective of which branch the account is domiciled. Cashless transactions were made possible in our society of today. The mover of the economy (Banking Industry) is now well positioned to meet-up with the new challenges from the costumers, competitors and even from the nation’s economy with right tool in their hand to reach limitless point of success. The Industry is now growing on daily basis with respect to new innovations that are coming out in the world of technology. Evaluation The banking business in Nigeria today can be assessed as being highly ICT based. The analysis of Alawode and Kaka (2008) ICT infrastructures used in some selected banks between year 2000 to year 2008 as earlier presented in table 2.1 clearly indicate the steady growth of ICT application in Nigerian Banks. Internet access usage, for example, rose from 27% between years 2000-2002 to 91% between years 2006-2008. SMS Alert that was nonexistent between the periods of 2000-2002 rose from nowhere to 98% between years 2006-2008. Similarly, Automated Payment System that was barely 1% between years 2000-2002 rose dramatically to 28% in years 2003-2005 and sky rocketed to 87% between years 2006-2008. The research, which provided the above analysis, is over 5 years old now. Considering the rate of growth reported in the analysis, it is obvious that most of the infrastructures may have reached their full potential. Drawing from above background, one could reasonably accept Akinuli’s (1999) viewpoint when he observed then that it appears Nigerian banks were reaping most of the benefits of revolution in technology, as can be seen by its application to almost all areas of its activities. Adeoti (2005), Ovia (2005) and Osabuohein (2008) in separate remarks affirmed the fact that the technological innovation witnessed in Nigerian banking sector is possible of impacting on the bank’s mode of operations especially in their payment systems. It is indeed unequivocal to state that ICT adoption in Nigerian banks has broadened the scope of banking practices and changed the nature of banking as well as the competitive environment in which they operate. Such new practices have led to the development of a truly global, seamless and Internet enabled 24-hour business of banking. In summary, the adoption of ICT in Nigerian banks can be said to be a success though not without some challenges. Challenges The automation of banking operations is really posing challenges to the Consumers, the banks themselves and Regulatory/Supervisory authorities in Nigeria. Among the issues concerned are: Infrastructural deficiencies: It is obvious that the use of ICT in the banking industry require minimum level or basic infrastructure such as electricity, telecommunication and motorable roads. Yet all these remain great challenges even as they feature as manifestos in all political campaigns. Ineffectiveness of telecommunication service providers and epileptic supply of electricity have often times cost people to spend days suffering to recover trapped cards in ATMs. For example, there was a day my friend’s card got trapped for only God knows the reason, but on a Saturday when the banks staff could not be accessed to recover neither the card nor alternatively withdraws money at UBA Aliade road branch. He had to wait until Monday morning to recover his card. Whatever his purpose for wanting to access money must have been defeated. Consumer Awareness and capacity: A major challenge of ICT banking to many illiterate and semi-literate population of the country who reside in rural areas is lack of awareness of how the systems work and their inability to access the services which mostly exist in cities and high populated work areas or institutions. Access to ATM and GSM Telephones: There are inadequate banking facilities to cover for the growing population of Nigerians who can access the services. Many households are unable to afford terminals and all accessories required for operating in today’s banking system. The recent Federal government’s 60 billion naira telephone project for 10 million farmers (Olatunji, 2013) is one exemplification that majority of Nigerians are too poor to afford a telephone, a necessary accessory for accessing ICT banking services. Consumer Protection: Another major challenge of adoption of ICT is the absence of statutory or regulatory provisions to protect the consumer of the products/services. Fraud: So much fraud has been reported within and outside banks due to ICT adoption. The high exposure of the system to fraudsters, hackers and other criminally minded persons who could access, retrieve and utilize confidential information from the system if security measures are weak; to checkmate unauthorized intrusion is another challenge to the authorities. Systems Operational Risks: Bank IT rests on computers and telecommunications which could be susceptible to system failure, internal manipulations and inconsistent regulatory policies (Etim, 2000). Conclusion Concerns about ICT role in attaining effectiveness, efficiency and productivity were raised in the late 1980s. Since then a large number of studies have emerged both at the industry and firm level that have substantially improved our understanding of the relationship between ICT and firm performance. This paper has clearly defined what ICT is and presented a review of relevant literature to aid understanding of the historical antecedents or reforms that necessitated its adoption in Nigerian banks by assessing the benefits and effects, and the journey so far. The paper further evaluated the success of ICT adoption as well as addresses the challenges it has posed to banks, consumers of services and supervising authorities. The paper concludes that the adoption of ICT has influenced the content and quality of banking operations positively. From all indications, ICT presents great potential for business process reengineering of Nigerian Banks. It is imperative for bank management to intensify investment in ICT products to facilitate speed, convenience, and accurate services, or otherwise lose out to their competitors. Recommendation This paper recommends that investment in information and communication technology should form an important component in the overall strategy of banking operators to ensure effective performance. References Adam, J.A. (2005). Banking Sector Reforms: The Policy Challenges of Banks Consolidation in Nigeria. Selected Papers for 46th Annual Conference, Nigerian Economic Society, August 23-25. Adeoti, J.O (2005). Information Technology Investment in Nigerian Manufacturing Industry: The Progress So Far. Selected Papers for the 2004 Annual Conference, Ibadan: Nigerian Economic Society, 213-244. Adeyemi, K.S (2006). Banking Sector Consolidation in Nigeria: Issues and Challenges. Union Digest, 9(34) June (http://www.unionbankng.com/adeyemi.pdf). Agboola, A. A. (2006). Electronic payment systems and Tele-banking services in Nigeria. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 11(3), 112-124. Agboola, A. A. (2001). Impact of Electronic Banking on Customer Services in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Financ, 5(12), 45-73. Akinuli, O.M. (1999). Information Technology in Nigeria’s Banking Industry: Operational Applications, Problems and Future Challenges. CBN Bullion, 23(3), 71-75. Alawode, A. J. and Kaka, E. U. (2008). Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Banking Industry. Proceedings of the 1st International Technology, Education and Environment Conference, African Society for Scientific Research (ASSR) 673-677. Aragba-Akpore, S. (1998). The Backbone of Banks’ Service Regeneration. Moneywatch, July 22, p23. Baba, P. and Harker, P. (1997). Examining the Contributions of Information Technology towards Productivity in United States Retail Banks. Pennsylvania: Wharton School. Balancing Act, (2007). Balancing Act News Update (http://www.balancingact- africa.com/country_profile.php?id=24). CBN, (2006). Press Release. The Guardian, Vol.22 (9902), January 3, p.11. Diamond Bank, (2005). Banking Industry Report, Strategic Planning Unit, December (http://www.diamondbank.com/public/Banking%20Industry%20Report%20December%202005.pdf). Etim, S. O. (2000). Electronic Banking: The Risks in the Insurance. A Paper Presented at Centre for Insurance Research Luncheon, Lagos, May 23. Fenuga, O. J. and Oladejo, R. K. (2010). The Effect of Electronic Payment on Customer Service Delivery in Nigerian Banks. International Journal of Economic Development Research and Investment, 1(1), 5-16. Frenzel, C.W. (1996). Information Technology Management, Cambridge: Thomson Publishing Company. Harold, B. and Jeff, L. (1995). Don’t Let Technology Pass You By. ABA Banking Journal, 73-81. Iganiga, B.O (1998). Contemporary Issues in Money and the Nigerian Financial System, Lagos: Amfitop Books. Ige, C.S (2007). Reforms in Development. The Reformers, 2(1), 4-16. Ikechukwu, G. (2000). Enhancing the Performance of Banking Operations through Appropriate Information Technology in Nigerian Banking Industry. Ibadan: Spectrum Books. Madueme, I. S. (2009). Impact of information technology on the ptofitability of commercial banks in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Common Market Studies, 6(12), 112-121. Ojo, J.A.T. (2007). Financial Sector Maladaptation, Resource Curse and Nigeria’s Development Dilemma. Public Lecture, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, January 25. Oladejo, M. O. and Adereti, A. S. (2010). Impact of information technology on the performance of microfinance institutions in Ogun state, Nigeria. International Journal of Economic Development Research and Investment, 1(1), 44-55. Olatunji, S. (2013). FG to give rural farmers N60bn cell phones. Punch, January 3, www.punching.com/business/business economy/fg-to-give rural-farmers-n60bn-cell-phones/ O sabuoheien, E. S. C. (2008). ICT and Nigerian Banks Reforms: Analysis of Anticipated Impacts in Selected Banks. Global Journal of Business Research, 2(2), 67-76. Ovia, J. (2000). From Banking Hall to E-Platform. Financial Standard, January 15. P. 6. Ovia, J. (2005), Enhancing the Efficiency of the Payment System in Nigeria. CBN Bullion, 29(1), 8-18. Soludo, C.C. (2004). Consolidating the Nigerian Banking Industry to Meet the Development Challenges of the 21st Century. An Address Delivered to the Special Meeting of the Bankers’ Committee, Abuja, July 6. Woherem, E. W. (2000). Information Technology in the Nigerian Banking Industry. Ibadan: Spectrum.

Theodore Roethke, “My Papa’s Waltz” (999) Essay Example for Free

Theodore Roethke, â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† (999) Essay Theodore Roethke (1948) My Papas Waltz The whiskey on your breath Could make a small boy dizzy; But I hung on like death: Such waltzing was not simple. We romped until the pans Slid from the kitchen shelf; My mothers countenance Could not unfrown itself. The hand that held my wrist Was battered on one knuckle; At every step you missed My right ear scraped a buckle. You beat time on my head With a palm caked hard by dirt, Then waltzed me off to bed Still clinging to your shirt. Summary A man recounts the childhood memories of his father coming home from work and dancing with him. They dance wildly; make a mess of the kitchen. Her mother does not approve. Next the father puts him to bed with the child tightly holding on to him. Paraphrase The smell of whisky on your mouth was strong enough to make a child like me giddy. However it did not stop me from keeping a tight grip on you as this type of rowdy dancing was not easy. We danced wildly till the utensils glide from the mantelpiece. My mother did not approve of our behavior and glared at us. The hand which supported my wrist had one knuckle tattered. Each time you put a wrong step, my right ear rubbed the hard surface of your belt. You hit me occasionally on my head with your palm which was covered with solid mud. Afterwards you dance me to my bed while I kept a firm hold on your shirt. Short Decision Part After reading the poem Theodore Roethke’s â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz†, for the second time I understood that the poem is a narration of the happy childhood memories of the author. The very title of the poem, â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz†, where the child mentions his father as ‘papa’ confirms the fact that the child has great affection for his father. The sentence ‘The whisky on your breath could mean that his father enjoys a drink before going to bed. The word ‘death’ means that the son enjoys but this rowdy dance is not easy so the son holds tightly to his father to avoid falling. When their wild dance made the kitchen untidy, his mother only frowned. Her silence shows that it is just a harmless dance between father and son. The sentence ‘You beat time on my head’ means that his father affectionately beat on his head with the rhythm of the dance.   I think that the last two lines, where the child tells that the father dancingly moved towards the his bed and put him to sleep, yet the child does not loosen his hold on his father’s shirt confirms that there is great and love and affection between the father and son. Reference Theodore Roethke, My Papas Waltz. 3 October 2007. http://gawow.com/roethke/poems/43.html

Country Comparison and Evaluation of Disability Policies

Country Comparison and Evaluation of Disability Policies Aging and Disability YUEKUN LIU 4.1 (1) International policies on disability from China and American, and comparison between these policies and the policies that operate in New Zealand. China and the United States of America are among the nations in the world that have established policies and laws governing the conduct of the people and that of the sitting governments about the treatments given to people with disability. China, by the year 2006, had up about 83 million men and women (approximately 6.3 percent of the Chinese population) being categorized as disabled persons (National Bureau of Statistics, 2007). Moreover, Americans have an increase in the number of people being afflicted with different kinds of disabilities. Coupled with fair and humane treatment through democratic ruling that has been persistent in the US, Americans have focused on ensuring the comfort of the US citizens , regardless of their physical and or mental orientations. The two nations have put forth various laws to govern the operations of the society. Firstly, the Chinese government through an act of parliament established by the China Disabled Persons’ Confederation (CDPF) in 1988. This is an independent unit in the region with the responsibility of looking into the welfare for the disabled persons in China. Having complete access to every corner of the nation with over 400,000 part time and 90, 000 full time workers by the year 2006, the confederation has been able to provide all the necessary support to the disabled persons in the nation. For this consideration, the confederation is mandated to carry out the following functions (Whakanui, 2000). The CDPF performs three functions: Represent interests of people with disabilities in China and help disabled people protect their legitimate rights; Provide comprehensive and effective services to disabled people; Commissioned by the Chinese government to supervise affairs relating to people with disabilities in China. In this regard, the CDPF is committed to promoting the humanitarianism, the human rights of people with disabilities, and the integration of people with disabilities in all aspects (Whakanui, 2000). Likewise to the Chinese steps in empowering people with disability in their societies, on the other hands, the United States has ratified the regulations and conventions protecting the rights of people with disability in different sections of the community. This has been done through the ADA (the American Disability Act) in1990 (Daly Burkhauser, 2005). The act aims at protecting people with disability against discrimination in their places of work as well as in the society. Despite that, the act gives these individuals the opportunity to explore employment in various organizations in this country as well as the right to secure employment opportunity in such organizations. In addition, the Chinese constitution has been amended to include the rights of individuals with various disabilities in various parts of the country. As in America and New Zealand, the Chinese constitution accords all persons with disability the right to attain rehabilitation support from specialists in various fields of expertise such mental therapists, etc. without any form of discrimination of the tasks. Other rights accorded to the people with disability, including the right to attain education at all levels and the right to be employed in the nation. They could be employed if they meet the required academic and ethical qualifications required by such organizations, rights on cultural lifestyles, welfare, access and legal liability. In regard to this, the three countries have ratified the International Labor Organization Convention No.159 in the constitution in order to help support the lives of those living with disability of various kinds(Autor Duggan, 2001). The law is advocating for the access to vocational training and employment to disabled people. Moreover, they have ratified the United Nations Convention on the rights of people with disability with the Chinese parliamentary ratifying the same in the year of 2008. This is aimed at enabling people with disability secure, retain and advance their careers in their suitable employments areas (Autor Duggan, 2001). New Zealand, through the ministry of disability issues, has made a plan to help disabled people access the rights and privileges accorded to those without the same traits alike. According to this, the ministry has put in place incorporative and collaborative objectives to aid for assisting these people by the complete database on the issues which is affecting the disabled persons at different levels. These policies focus on strengthening the rights of the disabled people about their education and employment opportunities in various organizations within the nation. In addition, the New Zealand government has advocated for empowerment the disabled people in the society by appointing them and or electing them to leadership positions in various organizations and government bodies. This is aimed at creating the relevant leadership priorities to the people and promoting their social affairs at all levels. However, the way these governments operate about handling disability issues is different. In America, the government has gone a bit further in designing an insurance policy for the disabled people. Moreover, the New Zealand government is the only government among the three nations where a special ministry is being recognized by the state for addressing issues on disability in the nation. Both China and America governments conduct this through the inaction of laws, conventions and regulations to help empower the disabled. Consequently, all the three nations have a common point for various factors regarding the care for the disabled people in the whole society. 4.1 (2) International policies on aging from China and American, and comparison between these policies and the policies that operate in New Zealand. The aged people are considered as the disabled in most societies around the world, including the three nationsUSA, China and New Zealand. These nations have established certain policies to help sustain people with aging lives at certain age who are unable to take care of themselves properly. The definition of the aged people around the world are various with different connotations in different societies. This definition of aging differs from one society to another. It is determined by the nations’ life expectation. In America, the definition of aging is considered as those individuals who are 65 year old and over (DeLeire, 2000). Aging is a significant for people in our lives because the elderly is the group of individuals who are weak and frail. The American constitution has made several provisions to provide adequate care assistances to the aged people in the US. For instance, the US government has planed and provided pension to the elderly in the whole nation. In addition, the aged people are often afflicted by diseases and poverty. Some Americans are even unable to sustain themselves within the society. The American government has drawn a plan to provide them with adequate financial supports for sustaining such individuals’ lives. The US government has helped them access free medical cares as well as social cares in all states. Compare this strategy to the Chinese government; the Chinese government has drawn a pension plan for the aged people living in urban areas as well as those in the rural areas. These people could receive monthly payments that might help them cater for most of their needs since most of them have not had any form of employment due to their senior ages. In New Zealand, the similar provisions have been drawn in the New Zealand through the ministry of senior persons. The ministry advocates for the protection of the rights of the aged population, including the right to be treated respectfully and honor, as well as continue learning and developing their skills and talents (Greg et al., 2010). Furthermore, since the government establish the strategies of increasing the income for the older people from social security funds, free Medicare provisions. Some extremely aged individuals are usually exempted from paying tax on certain commodities and services because these people rely only on their meager income sources. Consequently, there are some differences in policy administrations between these three nations with regards to the provision of care to the people with aging in the society. Firstly, while the New Zealand government has formed a complete system to oversee the provision of the adequate cares to the aged in the nation, the other two countries has not had such plans in their nations. Moreover, the exemption of taxes on certain commodities purchased by the aging generation is a reserve to America. The rest of the nations are lacking of this kind of provisions. Furthermore, the New Zealand government through the ministry of senior persons has come up with the regulations on the ways of conducting the operations of the care giving to the aged group of people. Community based groups have been formed at the lower levels. The groups are designed to help the aged at the basic levels. However, China and America are lack of that kind of groups. 4.2 (1) International service delivery policies on disability from China and American, and comparison between these policies and the policies that operate in New Zealand. The disable people in China, America and New Zealand are entitled to the provision of adequate services. The disabled persons are entitled to employment opportunities in organizations and companies around the three nations as long as they meet the academic and ethical qualifications required by the companies in which they are applying to work. Through the enactment of various policies and conventional Acts or an Act of parliament, the three nations have been able to provide adequate frameworks on service delivery models to the people with disability within the nations. In this situation, the government of New Zealand accords old person in the country the right to access disability services which are deemed responsive, flexible, accessible as well as culturally appropriate. These services must be focused on the inclusion and empowerment of the individuals with impairments and their families (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010). Additionally, the Chinese government has elaborated the needs to provide the disabled with adequate opportunities to the employment and training services. The services are called upon at any instance depending on the needs arising from the same. The services of the disabled are called upon at every instance including administrative positions, vocational arts and training (Ravallion Shaohua, 2004). The United States has embarked on expanding their business and industrial circles in order to create space for the disabled and impaired within the US. This is expected to create employment opportunities to a great deal of people including. The US government has encouraged the disabled people to continue applying and seeking jobs and services in the incorporations of the circle without feeling fear of exclusion or denial. Moreover, the similar policies have been enacted in the Chinese rapidly growing labor force and job market. However, well structured programs have been facilitated in New Zealand as opposed to the other two nations. The New Zealand government is acting on the basis of their internal fundamentals which are organized from within the nation. Therefore, various laws have been developed from within the country to reach the disabled at the grass root. China and the US, however, operate their disability laws in line with the provisions of the world health organizations or other humanitarian agencies in the world. In addition, the public forums and affairs is more elaborate in new Zealand as compared to the other two countries since the New Zealand government is directly involved in the management and protection of the affairs of the disabled. A research shows that there is a proper channel here through that the disabled people can complain to the central government for effective address (Wang, D Zhang, K, 2005). This is different from the cases in China and the US where the affairs of the disabled persons are tackled by the governments through the humanitarian agencies. 4.2 (2) International service delivery policies on aging from China and American, and comparison between these policies and the policies that operate in New Zealand. It is considered that wide knowledge and experiences on various affairs in aging are given for solving various factors affecting the community and or the nations within the three countries. For example, open consultation is one of the factors considered by the new Zealand constitution through the aged. It is required to engage in open consultative forums with the members of the society and various experts’ idea. This is considered as an important point in exploiting the huge amount of knowledge. Furthermore, there are various opportunities available for them in China, USA and New Zealand to serve in various areas. In America, the aging services are often called upon on various issues such as wars, peace talks and negotiations. This owes to their amount of knowledge and various aspects of the society as well as the developmental issues within the nation. The US policy frameworks require that the old and experienced military officials are be able to engage on various matters which are affecting the country with the aim of offering skilled knowledge to the young labor force (Daly Burkhauser, 2003). In addition, the same provisions have been done by the government of New Zealand. In China, the aging people are encouraged to take part in social matters as well as providing vocational training to the young members of the society through apprentice training. However, this is different from the other two countries. The American policies, similar to those in New Zealand, tend to focus much on the provision of skills and knowledge based on wars and other military actions. The Chinese policies concentrate much on the social sectors through the aged and retired members of the community. They are encouraged to offer apprentice services to the younger generations. Despite that, these groups of Chinese people are more of a social resource storage rather than technical advisers in New Zealand and America. 4.3 Outline accords with recommended texts. The Chinese constitution accords all persons with disability the right to attain rehabilitation support from specialists in various fields of expertise such mental therapists, etc. without any form of discrimination of the tasks. New Zealand, through the ministry of disability issues, has made a plan to help disabled people access the rights and privileges accorded to those without the same traits alike The government of New Zealand accords old person in the country the right to access disability services which are deemed responsive, flexible, accessible as well as culturally appropriate.

Baroque Music Essay -- Papers

Baroque Music In 1600 a new style of music began to evolve, this form of music was later to be called Baroque. Baroque music was very different to the music before its time such as medieval and early renaissance music and the development of new harmonic and melodic lines added difference in pace and variation to the compositions giving them a new shape and form. The structure of the music also changed, different forms such as fugues and cannons developed and different instruments were introduced. There were many composers that wrote music throughout the baroque era, some more significant than others but each contributing a large amount to the development throughout this period. Corelli was one of the first prominent composers of the Baroque era; he was an Italian composer and violinist writing music in a chamber style and in the form of the late baroque era. Corelli was born in 1653 in Fusignano, Italy and left to Bologna when he was just 13 were he was taught by Leonardo Brugnol who perhaps influenced him to become a teacher of music. He was interested in the form of musical education and this is clearly shown in the development of his musical history. Corelli founded the modern school of violin playing as well as earning titles such as "World's First Great Violinist" and "Founder of Modern Violin Technique" Corelli was the first composer to be famous for composing using only instruments, and this is one of the points that made him stand out throughout the baroque era especially in Rome were he taught composers such as Vivaldi and Giannini who soon spread his methods too the world. Corelli's work influenced many other ... ...d are used to bring the audience into the world of that particular one. They set up the performance. Sonata form was applied to solo sonatas, chamber music, symphonies, and concertos. String quartets were the most popular chamber form of the Classical era. They were made up of one cello, two violins, and a viola and were written in 4 movements, using the sonata form. There was also a wide use of symphonies, large orchestral compositions, generally in three or four movements, symphonies are also in sonata form. Symphonies, Sonatas, and String Quartets were written by some of the most influential composers of the classical era, Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven. They composed music for vocals as well as instrumentals. Other composers included Luigi Boccherini, Hoffman and Hein.

Malebranches Occasionalism: The Philosophy in the Garden of Eden Essay

Malebranche's Occasionalism: The Philosophy in the Garden of Eden ABSTRACT: According to Malebranche, Adam should be considered as an occasionalist philosopher. Not only did philosophy originate in paradise, but it in fact originated as Malebranchian occasionalism. It was in order to be able to persist in his occasionalist belief that Adam was given exceptional power over his body, that is, the power to detach the principal part of his brain (i.e., the seat of the soul) from the rest of the body. It was only in continually detaching the principal part of his brain from the rest of the body that Adam was able to persist in his occasionalist belief despite the unmistakable testimony of his sense to the contrary. Having once sinned, he thereupon lost his psychophysical privilege. Whereas pre-lapsarian physiology made Adam's belief in the causal efficacy of God possible, post-lapsarian physiology, in contrast, necessarily engenders and sustains belief in the causal efficacy of bodies. It was only as a result of the post-lapsarian physiology that some o f the central problems of early modern philosophy arose. Contingent upon Adam's psychophysical privilege, occasionalism was possible only in paradise. Malebranche observes that, before the Fall, Adam knew that "only God was capable of acting on him." (1) Knowing "more distinctly than the greatest philosopher ever" (2) that God was the only true cause, the first man should thus be considered as an occasionalist philosopher par excellence. Not only, then, did philosophy originate in Paradise, but it in fact originated as Malebranchian occasionalism. However, whereas Adam knew through the light of reason that God was acting upon him, "he did not sense it." (3) What he sensed was, ... ...e puissance qu'ils /sc. les sens/ ont de tyranniser des pecheurs" (OC 1:75) is somewhat imprecisely rendered by Lennon and Olscamp as "their power of victimizing sinners"; see The Search after Truth, 22. (9) Dialogues on Metaphysics, 217. (10) See Conversations chretiennes, in OC 4:40. (11) Dialogues on Metaphysics, 194. (12) Elucidations of the Search after Truth, 581. (13) Dialogues on Metaphysics, 218. (14) Ibid., 217. (15) Conversations chretiennes, in OC 4:98. (16) See ibid., 98-99. (17) Ibid., 99. (18) Dialogues on Metaphysics, 237. (19) Conversations chretiennes, in OC 4:99. (20) The Search after Truth, 123. (21) Conversations chretiennes, in OC 4:99. (22) See ibid., 99-100; see also The Search after Truth, 123. (23) See Meditations chretiennes et metaphysiques, in OC 10:113; see also Dialogues on Metaphysics, 193.

The Effects of Addicting to Cyber Social Networks

The Effects of Addicting to Cyber Social Networks Social network is an addictive thing nowadays. I believe that everyone, start from teenagers up to old people addict to cyber social networks. Almost every single breathe, they update their twit, their statues, etc. If we cannot control ourselves to use this social network in the good way, it will not take a long time for us to get the bad impacts. There are so many bad impacts of addicting social networks.First of all, we will next to our far away people we usually connected to, but we will be far with the people around us. How come? Many people always keep contact to their friends in cyber world by social networking, so they often don’t care with the people around them. That condition absolutely makes others feel uncomfort to talk with that person. So, don’t be surprised if those real friends will stay away from that person. Actually it’s good to keep contact with people who far away with us. However, real frien ds are more important than cyber friends.Why? Because if we have a problem, real friends will help us directly than cyber friends. So the main point here, we have to priority our real friends first, then our cyber friends. The second is our main activity will be annoyed because of addicting to social networks. I am sure that we often meet someone who cannot live faraway from their gadget just to update his social networks. Don’t you ever think that this habit actually is annoyed his main activity? For example, there is a student in a class.All of us know that his main activity should be related with studying. However, if he is too busy with his social networks, how about his study? I believe that he will not be able to focus on his study because every single breathe he updates his social networks as I said before. That habit will also influence his score, how come? Because if we cannot focus on what we do, of course we will not be able to do it well. We will not be able to gi ve our best on it. The last but not least, addicting to social networks will give bad impact for our body.As we know that if we addict to something, in this case social networks, we will not be able to be separated with our gadgets. Whenever and wherever we go, those gadgets will stick with our hand, and absolutely it’s dangerous for us. Medical research has found that two mobile phones which are calling to each other for some hours can make an egg cooked. From that news, I think we should know how dangerous the radiation of this gadget is. Besides the radiation, too much doing this activity will make us feel lazy to move, we will sit all day long.Sitting for a long time is also not good for our body, we have to do exercise at least 15 minutes per day regularly. As you know, it is really dangerous for us if we cannot use cyber social networks in a good way. Being far away with people around us, annoying our main activity and also causing harm for our health is just some examp les of this bad habit. In my opinion, technology is good for us, but we have to use it in a good way too, so we can get the advantages. Sonia Dwi Cahyanti 110221414604/AA

Brief Introduction of the Issues In the Meeting

Aim at the irregular trade between the Saving Drugs Corporation and the European Union, I have taken down the introduction about the issues and want to turn to you for help. It will not just concern the company’s profit but also the immigrants’ who arrive in Southern Europe each year. Actually, the European Union is devastating to Saving Drugs Corporation’s business plan to import less costly pediatric polio drugs manufactured by Saving Drugs Corporation into the European Union.By using the measure of imposing a 100% tax on pediatric polio drugs of whose country of origin is other than one within the European Union or a former colony of an EU member in Africa or Asia, they can hinder Saving Drugs Corporation’s plan going on smoothly. In fact, it is not conformed to the common law. Tariff is used to limit exotic products and protect one country’s own products. Besides, it can also weaken the competition of other countries’ goods and prevent th em against taking up the whole market. However, if one country raises the rate of tariff to 100%, it is not normal at all.â€Å"When the rate of tariff reaches one hundred percentages or several hundred percentages, it is a kind of Protective Duties. † Miecha just wants to warn the European Union of the high tariff rate, and they must take it into account and change the tariff rate. Besides, Miecha believes this is a blatant violation of the antidiscrimination provision of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) known as the national treatment rule, and she asserts the aim-and-effect of the EU tax is to discriminate against non-European immigrants.We should treat each man equally. â€Å"One should not lightly dismiss the inherent unfairness of, and the perception of mistreatment that accompanies a system of allocating benefits and privileges on the basis of skin color and ethnic origin. † Although the immigrants are not your own citizens, you still need to tr eat them as well as local people. The country should pay attention to their living conditions, work environment, healthy situation. If their fundamental conditions cannot be met, it is not good for the country’s stability and development.The European Union should not discriminate against non-European immigrants. In addition, WATT is concerned about the tariff and trade between countries, and it plays an important role in regulating and harmonizing the relationship of each other. For example, with the help of WATT, â€Å"Uruguay has lowered its industrial products’ tariff from 5% to 4%. † Under the WATT’s regulation, the tariff barriers could be solved much better. It is not conducive to international trade to raise the tariff too high; on the contrary, it will hinder and decrease the cooperation between different companies.Usually, we can work out the protective tariff rate by a formula: first, we use the domestic market price of the import products minus the international market price of the import products; second, we use the result of the above divide the international market price of the import products and then multiply 100%, and that is the appropriate tariff rate. If the European Union can formulate the correct tariff rate, Saving Drugs Corporation will keep a good relationship and cooperate with it.What is more, European Union’s policy will result in the burden to immigrants. Once the import tariff rises, the price to sale in the market will be higher at the same time. It is a kind of saving product, and the major purpose is to help those who live a hard life. If European Union still keeps the high tariff, it is not the Saving Drugs Corporation’s loss but also the poor immigrants’ loss too. The major purpose to have a meeting with congresswoman is ensuring that no WTO member would enact a measure that blatantly violated an international trade treaty.We should use the rules of WTO and WATT to protect the profit of the Saving Drugs Corporation whose drugs are intended for distribution to the over 20,000 African, sub-Saharan and the undocumented immigrants who arrive in Southern Europe each year. Each law in the world is based on the human nature, that is, people’s reasonable and legal profits will protected by the law. Nevertheless, if European Union still imposes the 100% tax on pediatric polio drugs, both the company and the poor immigrants will be harmed greatly.What we need most is a statement of the relevant rules of law needed to resolve the issue, a statement of the court’s holding on each issue, and a statement of the steps of the court’s reasoning in applying the rules to the facts to resolve each issue. I will wait for your answer and all of us wish it would be an impartial and reasonable decision. Bibliography: 1. Xiang Yijun, 2002, International Trade and Theory, Beijing: Chinese Agricultural Press 2. Frank I. Michelman, 2004, the Harvard Law Review, Reasonable Umbrage, V. 117 No. 5, Page1378 3. Tramy, 2004, GATT and WTO, http://tramy. blogdriver. com/tramy/94001. html

Speech on Belonging

Belonging is usually defined as being accepted into and by members of a family, group, class, race, community or school. The term belonging means something different to everyone but most people will come up with the words acceptance, security and identity. In this speech I have chosen to talk about the aspects of belonging and not belonging in two of Peter Skrzynecki’s Poems, Migrant Hostel and 10 Mary Street and also in the 1997 film ‘Titanic’. In Peter Skrzynecki’s Migrant Hostel, he talks about the 2 years of his life that he and most of his family lived in a Migrant hostel in Parkes after coming to Australia after World War 2 from Poland and leaving most of his family and polish heritage behind. This poem gives the responder a sense of confusion about whether he belongs or not to this migrant hostel. Skrzynecki creates this confusion by contrasting the family’s sense of belonging to the hostel with the family’s confusion about whether or not they actually belonged to the Australian soil. Although the migrant hostel was their home for 2 years there was always so many people coming and going that it didn’t really feel like a home which made it really hard to create a sense of belonging as a community. Techniques used by Skrzynecki to create this sense of confusion about belonging are juxtaposition or contrast for example in the last stanza on the 6th line â€Å"Needing its sanction To pass in and out of lives That had only begun Or were dying† This can be referred to as when people arrive at the hostel their lives are just beginning as they have a second chance to start their lives over again and forget about the past and what has happened and concentrate on the future and then when they leave the hostel they feel lost because they are on unknown land and they feel they don’t really fit in with the Australian lifestyle as they have their own background and heritage to maintain. This uote could also mean the opposite when they leave they have a chance to start over and renew there lives again and when they are in the hostel they are trapped and don’t know what to do or who they are. Symbolism is another technique Skrzynecki uses in this poem. In ‘Migrant hostel’ he uses birds as a symbol of being trapped. For example the third stanza ‘For over two years We lived like birds of passage- Always sensing a change In the weather: Unaware of the season Whose track we would follow’ This example shows how the people in the hostel where hardly allowed outside, which shows that they were basically trapped inside and away from everyone else. Another technique Skrzynecki uses is rhetorical device; this technique shows the confusion of the people inside the hostel, for example in the first stanza 6th line â€Å"That left us wondering who would be coming next. † This example shows the confusion the people had, and how uncertain things were for them, they didn’t know who was going to come through the gate next or who was going to leave. Also in this poem Skrzynecki uses an extended metaphor. In this poem the bird symbol is also used as the extended metaphor. In this poem he uses refers to a homing pigeon to deepen the sense of instinctual behavior for example in the second stanza 1st line ‘Nationalities sought Each other out instinctively Like a homing pigeon Circling to get its bearings’ this example shows how the people are coming together and finding each other through their background and where they came from. The last technique that Skrzynecki uses in this poem is similes. For example n the last stanza 4th line ‘As it rose and fell like a finger’ this particular simile refers to the gate out the front of the hostel, it shows how they were isolated from the rest of the country by that gate and that they had no control over when that gate opened or closed. It makes the hostel sound like a jail. In Skrzynecki’s poem ‘10 Mary Street’ he is describing his life in his fir st ever home on Australian soil, this poem has a greater sense of belonging as he is more comfortable in Mary street, and he has a greater sense of belonging to his family, his home, his school, his community and is comfortable with his migrant past. Skrzynecki and his family lived at 10 Mary Street for 19 years before the house got knocked down. During this poem Skrzynecki has no sense of doubt or uncertainty about who he is or where he is going. This poem gives a strong sense of happiness and content within his life as the language is light and joyful, as he remembers certain things about that house and life within it. Skrzynecki uses techniques such as personification